introduction to the renal system

... leaving the lungs enters the left atrium by way of the pulmonary veins Blood then flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle The left ventricle ejects the blood into the aorta, which then ... receive their blood from the aorta, and the blood leaving these organs enters into the venous system (superior and inferior vena cava) that returns the blood to the heart Therefore, the circulations ... Therefore, all of the blood that is pumped from the right ventricle enters into the pulmonary circulation and then into the left side of the heart from where it is pumped into the systemic circulation...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... directly toward the positive electrode, gives the greatest positive deflection As the vector moves around the axis to the left, and therefore moves away from the positive electrode, the recorded ... model shows the septum and free walls of the left and right ventricles; each of the four vectors is depicted as originating from the AV node The size of the vector arrow is related to the mass of ... deflection (the R wave of the QRS) After another 20 milliseconds, the mean vector is directed toward the left arm and anterior chest as the free wall of the ventricle depolarizes from the endocardial...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... energy of blood within the aorta The total energy of the blood is the sum of the pressure energy and the kinetic energy; the latter is related to the square of the velocity of the blood flow (see ... acetylcholine binds to M2 receptors on the vascular endothelium, it stimulates the formation of nitric oxide (NO) by constitutive NO synthase The NO can then diffuse from the endothelial cell into the adjacent ... related to the ability of a tissue to resist deformation; therefore, the higher the elastic modulus, the “stiffer” the tissue When the muscle is stimulated at the increased preload, there will...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... equal to the vertical distance from the heart to the feet will increase capillary pressure in the feet If the distance from the heart to the feet is 120 cm, the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the ... than the carotid sinus receptors Therefore, the aortic arch baroreceptors serve as secondary baroreceptors, with the carotid sinus receptors normally being the dominant arterial baroreceptor To ... curve shifts to the right, thereby reducing the firing rate at any given mean arterial pressure This resetting of the baroreceptor response can occur at the level of the receptors themselves as...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... autoregulatory range) This is because of the strong capacity of these organs to autoregulate and their ability to escape sympathetic vasoconstrictor influences The autoregulatory response helps to ensure ... or above the autoregulatory range, flow changes are approximately proportional to the changes in perfusion pressure The autoregulatory range as well as the flatness of the autoregulatory response ... receptors) tonically inhibits sympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels, and it tonically stimulates vagal outflow to the heart Decreased arterial pressure, therefore, decreases the firing...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... role of blood flow to the skin is to allow heat to be exchanged between the blood and the environment to help regulate body temperature Therefore, the cutaneous circulation is under the control of ... skeletal muscle, the muscle cells adjacent to the capillary take up the oxygen for use by the mitochondria Consequently, little oxygen diffuses all the way through one cell to reach another Therefore, ... hypothalamus attempts to retain heat by increasing sympathetic outflow to the skin, which decreases cutaneous blood flow and prevents heat loss to the environment The sympathetic control of the cutaneous...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... (␣adrenoceptor mediated), and contributes to the release of renin by the kidneys through renal ␤-adrenoceptors Other mechanisms besides the baroreceptor reflex and hormones have a compensatory role ... output, thereby partially restoring arterial pressure Most of the compensatory responses occur regardless of the cause of hypotension; however, the ability of the heart and vasculature to respond to ... pulse pressure decreases the firing of arterial baroreceptors This activates the sympathetic nervous system and inhibits vagal influences to the heart These changes in autonomic activity increase...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... sympathetic tone on the systemic vasculature The correct answer is “b” because increased blood pCO2 stimulates chemoreceptors, which activate the sympathetic nervous system to constrict the systemic ... “b” because the renal artery is the distributing artery to the kidney, which is in series with the renal artery Although decreasing the diameter by 50% increases the resistance of the renal artery ... ends The KE is constant along the length of the vessel because the velocity is the same at every point along the vessel Because the total energy must decline along the length of vessel due to frictional...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... vein into the right atrium, passed into the right ventricle, then positioned within a branch of the pulmonary artery There is one opening (port) at the tip of the catheter (distal to the balloon) ... of the volume of fluid and the pressure required to move the fluid Stroke work (SW) refers to the work done by the ventricle to eject a volume of blood (i.e., stroke volume) into the aorta The ... coronary vasodilator The absence of nitric oxide leads to enhanced vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerves innervating the coronary vessels, as well as to other vasoconstrictor influences...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... energy of blood within the aorta The total energy of the blood is the sum of the pressure energy and the kinetic energy; the latter is related to the square of the velocity of the blood flow (see ... acetylcholine binds to M2 receptors on the vascular endothelium, it stimulates the formation of nitric oxide (NO) by constitutive NO synthase The NO can then diffuse from the endothelial cell into the adjacent ... related to the ability of a tissue to resist deformation; therefore, the higher the elastic modulus, the “stiffer” the tissue When the muscle is stimulated at the increased preload, there will...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... curve a to c) on the force-velocity relationship At a given afterload, increasing the preload increases the velocity of shortening Furthermore, increasing the preload shifts the x-intercept to the ... end-systolic volume increases as shown in the pressure-volume loop The increased end-systolic volume inside the ventricle will be added to the venous return, thereby increasing enddiastolic volume ... which the increase in endsystolic volume is greater than the increase in end-diastolic volume so that the difference between the two the stroke volume—is decreased (i.e., the width of the pressure-volume...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... autoregulatory range) This is because of the strong capacity of these organs to autoregulate and their ability to escape sympathetic vasoconstrictor influences The autoregulatory response helps to ensure ... or above the autoregulatory range, flow changes are approximately proportional to the changes in perfusion pressure The autoregulatory range as well as the flatness of the autoregulatory response ... receptors) tonically inhibits sympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels, and it tonically stimulates vagal outflow to the heart Decreased arterial pressure, therefore, decreases the firing...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... role of blood flow to the skin is to allow heat to be exchanged between the blood and the environment to help regulate body temperature Therefore, the cutaneous circulation is under the control of ... skeletal muscle, the muscle cells adjacent to the capillary take up the oxygen for use by the mitochondria Consequently, little oxygen diffuses all the way through one cell to reach another Therefore, ... hypothalamus attempts to retain heat by increasing sympathetic outflow to the skin, which decreases cutaneous blood flow and prevents heat loss to the environment The sympathetic control of the cutaneous...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... (␣adrenoceptor mediated), and contributes to the release of renin by the kidneys through renal ␤-adrenoceptors Other mechanisms besides the baroreceptor reflex and hormones have a compensatory role ... output, thereby partially restoring arterial pressure Most of the compensatory responses occur regardless of the cause of hypotension; however, the ability of the heart and vasculature to respond to ... pulse pressure decreases the firing of arterial baroreceptors This activates the sympathetic nervous system and inhibits vagal influences to the heart These changes in autonomic activity increase...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... sympathetic tone on the systemic vasculature The correct answer is “b” because increased blood pCO2 stimulates chemoreceptors, which activate the sympathetic nervous system to constrict the systemic ... “b” because the renal artery is the distributing artery to the kidney, which is in series with the renal artery Although decreasing the diameter by 50% increases the resistance of the renal artery ... ends The KE is constant along the length of the vessel because the velocity is the same at every point along the vessel Because the total energy must decline along the length of vessel due to frictional...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... vein into the right atrium, passed into the right ventricle, then positioned within a branch of the pulmonary artery There is one opening (port) at the tip of the catheter (distal to the balloon) ... of the volume of fluid and the pressure required to move the fluid Stroke work (SW) refers to the work done by the ventricle to eject a volume of blood (i.e., stroke volume) into the aorta The ... coronary vasodilator The absence of nitric oxide leads to enhanced vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerves innervating the coronary vessels, as well as to other vasoconstrictor influences...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... 1914 to restore confidence in the nation’s banking system Online Tour of the Federal Reserve System Harcourt, Inc items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc The Federal Reserve System ... Reserve System The Structure of the Federal Reserve System: The primary elements in the Federal Reserve System are: 1) The Board of Governors 2) The Regional Federal Reserve Banks 3) The Federal ... Harcourt, Inc The Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve (Fed) serves as the nation’s central bank It is designed to oversee the banking system It regulates the quantity of money in the economy It...

Ngày tải lên: 03/06/2016, 11:34

... if they mean to abandon reasoned argument altogether, even in defence of their own position, then I have Introduction nothing more to say to them because they have excluded themselves from further ... The order in which these topics are covered has been deliberately chosen so as to enable the reader to build upon the understanding gained from earlier chapters in getting to grips with the topics ... philosophers of mind tend to distort or oversimplify the historical Descartes’s views, but this is not the place for me to engage with them over that issue 10 An introduction to the philosophy of mind...

Ngày tải lên: 21/09/2012, 10:39

Ngày tải lên: 17/09/2013, 08:10