introduction to network simulator ns2 2nd edition

... CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON Second Edition Chapman & Hall/CRC Textbooks in Computing Series Editors John Impagliazzo Andrew McGettrick Ted Herman, A Functional Start to Computing ... Student Needs to Know Iztok Fajfar, Start Programming Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Mark C Lewis and Lisa L Lacher, Introduction to Programming and Problem-Solving Using Scala, Second Edition Aharon ... and update the number of years to reach the goal if any of the sliders change Include a button to quit the application Write a GUI application to allow the user to guess a random number between

Ngày tải lên: 04/03/2019, 16:12

... adjacent atoms or groups). Hydrogen bonding interactions are shown in Figure 2.8c,fortwocases: an acidic (or proton-donor) solvent (methanol) interacting with a basic (proton- acceptor) solute ... preferred for various reasons. Therefore it is important to be able to estimate (or calculate) values of k for the different peaks in a chromatogram, which in turn requires a value of the column ... conditions that are primarily used (and recommended) to control k, α,orN, respectively (e.g., %B is varied to control korα, column length is varied to control N). a For ionizable solutes (acids or

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... pump and detector, sample valve, detector flow cell) add to the total pressure measured at the pump outlet, but the sum of these contributions is usually minor (10–20%) compared to values of P ... (2.13) and (2.13a) to be in error by ±20% or more. Despite the ability of most HPLC systems to operate at 5000 to 6000 psi, it may be desirable to limit the column pressure drop to no more than ... by some factor x, which then results in a decrease in ν by the same factor (Eq. 2.18a). The flow rate corresponding to F opt must accordingly be increased by the factor x, in order to compensate

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... acetonitrile-water, 35 ◦ C), D m = 10 −5 cm 2 / sec (corresponds to a sample molecular weight of 300 Da for the latter conditions), and a column pressure P = 2000 psi. are now widely used to ... tailing, in contrast to ‘‘exponential’’ tailing in (a). 52 BASIC CONCEPTS AND THE CONTROL OF SEPARATION Table 2.5 Relation of Peak-Tailing and Peak-Asymmetry Factors Peak-Asymmetry Factor (at 10%) Peak-Tailing ... feasible (and desirable) to reduce peak tailing so that TF ≤ 1.5. Various attempts have been made to describe the shape of tailing peaks in mathematical terms [41, 42], and to define a plate number

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... However, at the option of the chromatographer, it is possible to expand this preferred retention range somewhat, for example, to 0.5 ≤ k ≤ 20. Alternatively, regulatory agencies may recommend k ≥ ... heights are normalized to 100% for tallest peak in each chromatogram. Simulated chro- matograms based on data of [50, 51]. changes in both %B and temperature, it is possible to achieve a maximum ... gradient elution). However, this topic is not essential for using or developing RPC methods. For that reason some readers may prefer to skip to Section 2.5.3, andreturntothissectionatalatertime. Samples

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... another peak in the chromatogram. Poor batch -to- batch reproducibility of the column is today an infrequent problem. It is more likely to arise for complex samples where the chromatogram is crowded and ... reasons: • to avoid an undesirable change in separation due to a sample size that is too large • to increase detection sensitivity for trace analysis, by using the largest possible sample size • to maximize ... 1 to 4, the peak begins to widen and then develops a flat top. For Equation (2.27) and the examples of Figure 2.22, we assume the delivery of an undistorted (i.e., cylindrical) sample plug to

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... Accumulator-Piston Pumps An alternative design for the dual-piston pump is the accumulator-piston, or tandem-piston design shown in Figure 3.13d. In this case, one piston feeds into the other piston ... the top piston (Fig. 3.13d) would pump at 1 mL/min. While the top piston delivered solvent, the top (outlet) check valve would be open and the intermediate check valve (inlet for the top piston) ... valve to close and the intermediate check valve to open. Half of this 2 mL/min flow (1 mL/min) would be used to fill the top piston and half would be pumped directly to the column. The accumulator-piston

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... cycle time to just a few seconds. Three common autosampler designs are in common use: • pull -to- fill • push -to- fill • needle-in-loop 3.6.2.1 Pull -to- Fill Autosamplers The pull -to- fill autosampler ... valve rotor then is moved to the inject position (Fig. 3.20b), and the sample is pumped onto the column. Note that no needle seal is used in this type of autosampler. The pull -to- fill autosampler ... The push -to- fill autosampler is an automated version of the manual injector. In the load mode (Fig. 3.21a) the needle draws sample from the sample vial into a connecting tube attached to a mechanically

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... a graphical chromatogram for a visual inspection of the quality of the data. As laboratories move to paperless records, the chromatogram may be viewed only on a computer monitor. For qualitative ... the laboratory. Some of these functions will help with regulatory compliance (Section 3.8.6 and Chapter 12), some are used to help coordinate work activities, and some may be used to support ... autosampler-tray position with the sample ID. After analysis, the data are processed to generate a report of sample concentration for each sample; these data would be automatically entered into

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... Mayvarybasedonfrequencyofuse,performancehistory,orSOP. of the A-reservoir and its contents on a weekly basis should avoid this, although some laboratories stretch this to two weeks. It is a good idea never to ‘‘top off’’ the ... operator’s manual, replacement of the needle seal every six months will help to avoid problems. The autosampler is the component of the HPLC system that is most likely to leak; it is wise to inspect ... on the detector; consult the detector manual for more information. Waste Container. The waste container is a system component that is easy to overlook. It is wise to check it daily to ensure that

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... 158 4.3 INTRODUCTION TO INDIVIDUAL DETECTORS, 160 4.4 UV-VISIBLE DETECTORS, 160 4.4.1 Fixed-Wavelength Detectors, 163 4.4.2 Variable-Wavelength Detectors, 164 4.4.3 Diode-Array Detectors, 165 ... Quadrupoles and Ion Traps, 188 4.14.3 Other MS Detectors, 190 4.15 OTHER HYPHENATED DETECTORS, 191 Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, Third Edition, by Lloyd R. Snyder, Joseph J. Kirkland, ... Detectors Some characteristic of a sample is unique to that sample, or at least is not common to all analytes, and the sample-specific detector responds to that characterstic. The UV detector is

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... nitrogen Chiral 4.3 INTRODUCTION TO INDIVIDUAL DETECTORS The remainder of this chapter (Sections 4.4–4.16) provides a discussion of most HPLC detectors in use today. In Table 4.4, detectors are grouped ... monitoring with the variable-wavelength detector), the DAD can contribute to peak identification. The DAD can be operated to collect data at one or more wavelengths across a chromatogram, or to ... Light transmitted through the flow cell strikes the photodetector (usually a photodiode) and is converted to an electronic signal. Most UV detectors operate in a differential absorbance mode, where

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... directed to a photodetector, where it is monitored and converted to an electronic signal for data processing. Because fluorescence is emitted in all directions, it is common to monitor the emitted ... visible) region. UV detectors are reliable and easy to operate, and are particularly suitable for use by less-skilled operators. 4.5 FLUORESCENCE DETECTORS 167 Table 4.5 UV-Detector Characteristics ... detection limits to 50 fg on-column of dopamine. However, to operate under high sensitivity, extra care must be taken to use highly purified mobile phases to reduce background noise. In order to reduce

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... photodiode detector output (a) photodiode arra y (b) Figure 4.22 Schematic of a deflection refractive index (RI) detector. (a) Dual-photodiode detector; (b) photodiode array detector (lamp and flow ... heat-exchanger required Sensitive to temperature changes Reliable, fairly easy to operate Nondestructive of photodiode-array technology to the RI detector allows multiple photodiodes to be used for detection, ... the column to the detector so as to minimize temperature fluctuations. Refractometers are convenient and reliable, although generally not as trouble free and easy to operate as UV detectors. RI

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... detector response to reagents to reduce extra-column peak broadening during reaction is to use a knitted reactor, where narrow-bore flexible tubing is knitted into a series of tight radius bends to ... fragment ions. Two TOF sections can be connected to a collision cell to provide similar function with a TOF-TOF. Mixing the ion isolation sections is also possible. For example the Q-TOF uses a quadrupole ... atmospheric pressure (760 torr) to 10 −5 to 10 −6 torr within the 5 to 10 cm flow path of the interface. Pressure is reduced by pumping most of the vaporized sample and mobile phase to waste (no concentration

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... in network protocols and services.  Mechanisms to protect networks.  Security tools. Overview of This Course  TCP/IP Suite  Vulnerabilities and solutions  Security protocols built on top ... response to ping  Improper response to ARP queries  Improper response to DNS queries  Source routing to suspicious node  Employing a honeypot  Network latency monitoring  Time-domain reflectometers  ... tools to test and protect networks  Network security theory and practice  In homework  Explore TCP/IP vulnerabilities in detail by exploiting them using CASL  Learn to analyze a TCP/IP network...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 22:20

... F(c) = y 7 return c 4. Cryptographic Protocols One of the major contributions of modern cryptography is the development of advanced protocols providing high-level cryptographic services, such as ... public-key encryption schemes are given, taking into account the computational complexity of attacking algo- rithms. A short introduction to cryptosystems, whose security can be proven by information-theoretic ... and decrypts the authenticator with the session key. The client uses a ticket from the ticket-granting server as in the basic model to authenticate to a service in the network. 4.1.2 Diffie-Hellman...

Ngày tải lên: 25/03/2014, 11:47

... of C-l does not go up to an extremely large number. In order to avoid I B I / I I: I = 010 in computation, it is suggested to use the following formula to compute the inverse ... processes are time-sampled to form random vectors. The explicit expres- sions for Z;' and I Zi I are known for this covariance matrix as 12 Introduction to Statistical Pattern ... can make y close to 2 for a wide range of p by selecting v = 0.4. This transfor- mation with v=O.4 was applied to obtain Data RADAR of Chapter 2. 1 Introduction 5 When...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 16:24

... book is wireless network simulation, many of the common simulators used by the research community such as NS - 2 and OPNET began as wired network simulators and have been extended to the wireless ... readers will apply the material from this chapter to one of the four commonly used network simulator models or one of the other network simulators that contains similar support for fading models. ... incorporates papers that did not specify the simulator. FIGURE 4 - 2. Most commonly used MAC layer simulators [41] . MAC Layer Simulators used in Surveyed Wireless Network Papers Testbed Numerical Results NS-2 GloMoSim OPNET QualNET Others 82...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 15:49