... is
http://www.isoc.org
Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 Part 1
16 2005
Hardware Address
d Unique number assigned to each machine on a network
d Used to identify destination for a packet
Internetworking With ... type is 08.00 (IP)
Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 Part 2 18 2005
Remainder Of This Section
d History of Internet protocols (TCP/IP)
d Organizations
d Documents
Internetworking With TCP/IP vol ... (updated by RFC 2644)
Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 Part 1
21 2005
Why Study TCP/IP?
d The Internet is everywhere
d Most applications are distributed
Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 Part...
... focuses on the concept of
internetworking in general and
the TCP/IP internet technology in particular. Internetworking is a powerful abstraction
that allows us to deal with the complexity of multiple ...
ideas clearly, with excellent diagrams and explanations."
Dr. John Lin,
Bell Laboratories
"Comer continues to prove himself the Baedeker of the Internet Protocols with
this fine ...
an
Internet Task Force
charged with investigating a problem or set of issues
deemed to be important. The IAB consisted of approximately ten task forces, with
charters ranging from one that...
... Technologies Over Which TCPIIP Has Been Used
46
2.12 Summary And Conclusion
50
Chapter
3
Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model
Introduction
53
Application-Level Interconnection...
... Format
38
1
19.9 Communication With A Foreign Agent
383
19.10 Datagram Transmission And Reception
383
19.11 The Two-Crossing Problem
384
19.12 Communication With Computers On the Home Network ... And Algorithms
14.1
Introduction
253
14.2
The Origin Of Routing Tables
254
14.3
Routing With Partial Information
255
14.4
Original Internet Architecture And Cores
256
14.5
Core Routers ...
389
20.3 A Virtual Private Network (VPN)
390
20.4 VPN Addressing And Routing
392
20.5 A VPN With Private Addresses
393
20.6 Network Address Translation (NAT)
394
20.7 NAT Translation Table...
... focuses on the concept of
internetworking in general and
the TCP/IP internet technology in particular. Internetworking is a powerful abstraction
that allows us to deal with the complexity of multiple ... networks with different MTUs.
The course is extremely rigorous, students work in teams, and the results have been im-
xxiv
Foreword
fragmented. The goal of interconnection and internetworking, ... goal of interconnec-
tion and internetworking, to have a single powerful computer communication network,
is fundamental to the design of TCPIIP. Essential to internetworking is addressing (See...
... Technologies
Other Books In the Internetworking Series
from Douglas Comer and Prentice
Hall
Internetworking With TCP/IP Volume
11:
Design, Implementation, and
Internals (with David Stevens),
3rd ... start algorithm interacts with the Partridge-Kam exponential retransmission
backoff algorithm and how routing updates interact with datagram forwarding.
Internetworking With TCP/IP Volume 111: ... technology has been designed to foster communication among machines with
What Others Have Said About The Fourth
Edition Of InternetworkingWith
TCPIIP
"This is the book
I
go to for clear explanantions...
...
an
Internet Task Force
charged with investigating a problem or set of issues
deemed to be important. The IAB consisted of approximately ten task forces, with
charters ranging from one that ... came about merely because none of the
existing protocols satisfied the need for an interoperable internetworking communication
system.
1.1
0
Future Growth And Technology
Both the TCPIIP technology ... the reorganized IAB structure retains the IETF,
but splits it into approximately ten areas, each with its own manager. The IETF chair-
man and the area managers comprise the
Internet Engineering...
... components, it has a non-
trivial cost. Furthermore, because transceivers are located with the cable and not with
computers, locating or replacing them is difficult.
The
coaxial cable that fornls ... electrical signals on
the ether, a transceiver contains digital circuitry that allows it to communicate with a di-
gital computer. The transceiver senses when the ether is in use and translates analog ... passive; all the active electronic
components needed to make the network function are associated with the computers at-
tached to the network. Each Ethemet cable is about
112
inch in diameter...
... cables on each
floor.
2.4.12 Extending An Ethernet With Bridges
Connecting two Ethernets with a bridge is superior to connecting them with a re-
peater or hub because bridges operate on packets ... exactly the
same hardware, frame fom~at, and procedures to communicate with a computer across a
bridge
as
it uses to communicate with
a
computer on the local segment.
Most bridges do much more ... sending or receiving cells.
When it finishes using a connection, the computer again communicates with the
ATM
switch to request that the connection
be
broken. The switch then disconnects the...
... campus network.
They used that single connection to communicate with local researchers' computers
across the local campus net, and with other researchers further away. The campus net-
work ... use the
term
DS3
to denote a circuit that operates
at
45
Mbps; the term is
often confused with
T3,
which denotes a specific encoding used over a circuit operating at DS3 speed.
Sec. ...
Commercial Internet Backbones
Since
1995,
the Internet has become increasingly commercial, with the percentage
of funding from the U.S. government steadily decreasing. Although vBNS still...
... destination, are large machines with enough primary or secondary memory to
hold information about every computer in the internet to which they attach.
In
fact,
routers used with TCPAP internets are ... the properties of an internet in more detail.
We begin with two fundamental observations about the design of communication
systems:
56
Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model Chap. ... unique address for each com-
puter. Typically, addresses were assigned sequentially, starting with
1.
A
technology that permits customers to assign hardware addresses has advantages
and...
... computed from the address alone,
without reference to external information. In particular, the class of an address can
be
determined from the three high-order bits, with two bits being sufficient ...
available.
By
convention, a directed broad-
cast address
has
a valid netid and has a hostid with all bits set to
I.
4.6
Limited Broadcast
The broadcast address we just described is known ... broadcast address that refers to all hosts on the network. According to the
standard, any address with the
hostid consisting of all
Is
is reserved for directed broad-
'
cast?. When a packet...
... networks with
thousands of hosts each, and over a million networks with up to 254 hosts each. To
make such addresses easier for humans to understand, they are written in dotted decimal
notation, with ... classful, with each prefix assigned to one of three primary classes. Leading
bits define the class of an address; the classes are of unequal size. The classful scheme
provides for
127
networks with ... applica-
tion programs never need to deal with the byte order problem directly.
The internet standard for byte order specifies that integers are sent with the most
significant byte first (i.e.,...
... dynamic resolution with
ARP
is simple:
when host
A
wants to resolve
IP
address
ZB,
it broadcasts a special packet that asks the
host with
IP
address
le
to respond with its physical ... Sec.
5.4 Resolution Through
Direct
Mapping
79
without reference to external data. Finally, new computers can
be
added to the network
without changing existing assignments or recompiling ... administrator
would select physical address
3
for a computer with the
IP
address
192.5.48.3
because
192.5.48.3
is a class
C
address with the host portion equal to
3.
For networks like proNET,...
... significant advantages of this conceptual separation is that it becomes
possible to replace one service without disturbing others. Thus, research and develop-
ment can proceed concurrently on all three. ... adding a back-
up RARP server to such a configuration can cause the network to become congested with
broadcasts. Hint: think of power failures.
Monitor a local network while you reboot various ... explore each of these services, understand what they
provide, and see the protocols associated with them.
RELIABLE TRANSPORT SERVICE
CONNECTIONLESS PACKET DELIVERY SERVICE
Figure
7.1
The...