intended and unintended bias in drug discrimination

... applied in the dairy sector in many ways and for many reasons In the following we will discuss the consequences of variation and bias in relation to monitoring of animal disease incidence on herd and ... feedback and interaction) Results of randomised clinical trials can supplement studies involving observational data by creating an understanding of connections between clinical signs and treatment ... understanding provides insight into potential errors (bias and random error) related to data based on clinical examina- Page of 10 (page number not for citation purposes) Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2009,...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 10:45

... 81 Mg2+-independent Neutral Sphingomyelinases 84 Alkaline Sphingomyelinase from the Intestinal Tract 85 Bacterial Sphingomyelinase-phospholipase C 85 Sphingomyelinase Mechanism 85 Binding of Magnesium ... Alonso Introduction and Scope Sphingomyelinases 80 Types of Sphingomyelinases 80 Acid Sphingomyelinase (aSMase) 80 Secretory Sphingomyelinase (sSMase) 81 Neutral, Mg2+-dependent Sphingomyelinases ... Ions 85 Binding of Substrate 85 Mechanism of Catalysis 86 Sphingomyelinase Assay 88 Sphingomyelinase Inhibitors 89 Sphingomyelinase–Membrane Interactions 89 Lipid Effects on Sphingomyelinase Activity...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 05:20

... Beyond initial training, there is a need for retraining, on-the-job training, continuing education, and advanced training in management Training in problem solving, supervision, management, and ... CONFRONTING CHALLENGES TO THE SUPPLY CHAIN FOR SECOND-LINE DRUGS Challenges in Drug Supply Chain Logistics, 77 India’s Second-Line Drug Supply Chain, 80 Improving the Availability and Reducing the ... challenges to controlling the spread of drug- resistant strains of TB and to discuss innovative strategies for advancing and harmonizing local and international efforts to prevent and treat drug- resistant...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 11:20

... overexpressing SMO cells further confirmed the increased SMO activity, with decreases in intracellular spermine pools and increased spermidine levels in SMO1 and SMO5 cells These changes in spermine and ... oxidation of spermine to spermidine diminishes nuclear spermine pools Because spermine has essential roles in the the protection of DNA, including free radical scavenging and DNA shielding, this reduction ... media (Mediatech, Inc., Herndon, VA, USA) containing 9% iron-supplemented fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) and 1% penicillin and streptomycin Beas2B cells were maintained in LHC-9 serum-free...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 05:20

... systematic bias, and the magnitude of that bias is partly determined by the intensity and duration of fishing mortality, because stocks dominated by smaller-sized individuals often result from sustained ... substantial increases in knowledge pertaining to the reproductive potential of individual cod (Kjesbu et al 1998) and stocks (Köster et al 2001; Marteinsdottir and Begg 2002) Incorporating a higher ... with size-dependent harvesting causes sex ratios to become increasingly female-biased when the stock has a high proportion of large individuals and increasingly male-biased when the size composition...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 16:20

... Unbreakable Cycle Drug Dependency, Mandatory Confinement, and HIV/AIDS in China’s Guangxi Province In China, illicit drug use is an administrative offense and Chinese law dictates that drug users “must ... my son again I wish I could go back and never try drugs.121 The cycle of going into detox, being released, not being able to find work, returning to drug use and then being arrested again, appears ... for HIV infection while detained in detox or RTL centers Every formerly detained drug user interviewed reported being forced to undergo HIV testing while in confinement and none reported being told...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 23:20

... (endogenous) investment in these papers: increases in Home investment raise Home wages (non-financial incomes) due to Home bias in investment spending but decrease Home dividends (net of the financing of investment) ... 2007 Tesar, Linda L and Ingrid M Werner, “Home bias and high turnover,” Journal of International Money and Finance, August 1995, 14 (4), 467–492 Tille, Cedric and Eric van Wincoop, “International ... uncertainty in the economy, adding other sources of uncertainty is quite realistic and general Second, we maintain in this section the assumption that markets are locally complete We this by adding...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 20:20

... Drug- Metabolizing Enzymes, Transporters, and Drug Drug Interactions 83 Steven W Louie and Magang Shou Experimental Models of Drug Metabolism and Disposition 151 Gang Luo, Chuang Lu, Xinxin Ding, ... via chlorination) some drugs and physiological substrates Depending on the remaining structure, the formed radical products of drugs can yield quinones, quinone imines, diimines, dimers (and other ... characterization and slowly increases with time Genetics information (G, light gray) continues to increase, mainly in clinical trials The apparent jump in B and G work around 2010 is due to the abrupt increase...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 10:20

... data reported in the present study, and obtained in living cells, confirm the finding obtained in reconstituted proteoliposomes [11,12] and isolated membranes [29,30] indicating that Pgp and a bacterial ... anthracyclines, are positively charged and therefore bind to acidic groups in proteins and membranes Thus, their movement into the cell can be envisaged as a series of binding and releasing events ... is expected to handle incoming drugs more efficiently compared to drugs already present in the cell interior By contrast, in the case where drug concentrations in the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 08:20

... polymorphisms in CYP2D6 can significantly affect the activity of the enzyme, and therefore serve as an important guideline for determining the dose of antidepressant drugs and preventing drug- induced ... experiments in which total protein bound and imported into mitochondria is present; T, trypsin-treated mitochondria in which only the protein imported into mitochondria is present In the lanes marked In , ... CYP2D6 content, ranging from a relatively high level in HL134 and 137 to a moderate level in HL136, low levels in HL132, 139 and 140, and almost undetectable levels in HL131 and 141 (Fig 1A) Densitometry...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 23:20

... EF EM Average amount of drug in the body over a dosing interval Maximum amount of drug in the body over a dosing interval Minimum amount of drug in the body over a dosing interval Area under plasma ... evaluation Such measurements and analysis are adequate for understanding a single drug in a single species in a number of different situations since both protein binding and the resultant unbound ... organ is involved in drug clearance Within this equation Cli is the intrinsic clearance based on total drug concentrations and therefore includes drug bound to protein Lipophilic drugs bind to...

Ngày tải lên: 11/04/2014, 10:03

... and safety of three non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing regimens (nevirapine, efavirenz, and nevirapine plus efavirenz in combination with stavudine and lamivudine) ... estimated 549 700 HIV-positive individuals were receiving HAART in South Africa [3] With increasing numbers of HIV-positive individuals being enrolled onto HAART and increasing survival among these ... using standardised factor analysis-based weights Missing questionnaire items were estimated using a standard scoring algorithm that estimates missing values [24] Scores for screening and baseline...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... However, clinicians may test prolactin levels routinely in patients who take antipsychotics known to increase prolactin, even in the absence of PPAEs Disproportionate prolactin testing in risperidone-treated ... grouped into a single category Among the typicals, haloperidol and perphenazine were given individual attention because of their prominence in clinical and other prospective trials The sampling unit, ... antipsychotic and hyperprolactinemia: Risperidone × hyperprolactinemia Clozapine × hyperprolactinemia Olanzapine × hyperprolactinemia Quetiapine × hyperprolactinemia Ziprasidone × hyperprolactinemia...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 23:21

... settings Heating and cooling rates were 6°C/s and 4.5°C/s on thermocycler (bright red line), 4°C/s and 3°C/s on thermocycler (purple line) and 2.2°C/s and 2.2°C/s on thermocycler (dark red line) ... polynucleotide kinase (NEB) and were incubated stepwise for 15 minutes at 12°C and 15 minutes at 25°C The non-templated 3’-single-dA extension was performed for 30 minutes at 37°C in 50 μl containing 1× ... optimizing instead of eliminating the PCR-amplification step, our protocol is easy to implement in high-throughput production and does not increase the DNA input requirements for routine Illumina...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 22:23

... frequent in reads that align to the SNP site only at later sequencing cycles, indicating a technical bias in base calls at this position, while the plot in (b) shows a strong reduction in this bias In ... [13] Incorrect base calls can have a deleterious impact downstream in aligning reads to the reference genome (resulting in fewer or incorrect alignments) and in variant detection (contributing ... next step in understanding the genetic causes of complex diseases [14], and overly strict filtering criteria may eliminate exactly the variants of most interest and impact By improving the quality...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript AK contributed to the development of the protocol and study instruments All the authors have been involved in drafting and revising the manuscript, ... demographic and clinical characteristics of the FESP and the control subjects were summarized in Table Age and gender distribution of the subjects and smoking habit did not differ between patients and ... an increased activity of GPx and a decreased activity of CAT in RBCs (3) a positive correlation exists between the score of SAPS and the levels of GSHt and GSHr The findings of this study indicate...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 15:22

... itraconazole and flucytosine, and P aeruginosa susceptible to amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and tobramycin A 49-year-old man with a history of intravenous ... replacement and extended duration intravenous antibiotics and antifungals Abbreviations BUN, blood urea nitrogen; IDU, injecting drug user; INR, international normalized ratio; IVDU, intravenous drug ... department and later grew P aeruginosa susceptible to amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and tobramycin Serology was positive for Hepatitis C infection and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:21

... bathroom, shaking hands, sharing injected and inhaled drugs, and having vaginal and anal sex The indirect interaction pictures included a person being bit by a mosquito and a person donating blood ... corroborating previous findings documenting its infrequent use in the Rio de Janeiro drug scene [30] Our findings highlight the need to implement interventions targeted to drug users, including people ... responses of 108 drug users who participated in the pile sorting intervention As depicted in Figure 1, items related to anal and vaginal sex and sharing syringes/needles were classified in a single spatial...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... tolerance and supply, control your high, injection techniques, aware of risks of mixing drugs, and minimize using alone), and (c) signs of an opiate overdose The naloxone training included information ... naloxone by drug users is a new and innovative approach to reducing opiate-related mortality Currently, in several cities in the United States (US), drug users are being trained in naloxone administration ... Journal 2007, 4:3 drug users both at syringe exchanges and drug treatment programs In addition, pharmacies have begun to show strong interest in stocking and providing naloxone [23] c Initial low levels...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... RT domainswapping by introducing three restriction enzyme sites, HpaI (flanking RT amino acids 288/289), SpeI (flanking RT amino acids 423/424) and ClaI (flanking IN amino acids 4/5) creating p8MJ4-HSC ... PAC and DP were involved in planning the study, undertaking laboratory work and editing the manuscript DK, VM, MK, CC, DMG were involved in undertaking clinical support work All authors read and ... 500-fold and used to infect HEK293T target cells The virus and target cells were incubated with medium containing varying drug concentrations for 48 h Infectivity was determined by measuring luciferase...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 01:20