inflation and the collapse of the soviet union

... 567 The Instability of U.S Money Demand 569 Targeting Money Growth: The Fed and the ECB 571 553 Learning Tools Applying the Concept: Inflation and the Collapse of the Soviet Union 556 Your Financial ... Demand, and Modern Monetary Policy Why We Care about Monetary Aggregates 554 The Quantity Theory and the Velocity of Money 557 Velocity and the Equation of Exchange 557 The Quantity Theory of ... for the users of this textbook The AACSB leaves content coverage and assessment within the purview of individual schools, the mission of the school, and the faculty While Money, Banking, and...

Ngày tải lên: 04/11/2014, 04:25

... i.e the ratio between the errors committed by the on-line HTR decoder and the number of handwritten words introduced by the user All the results have been calculated as the average CER of the ... would be the equivalent to decode the handwritten text in a separate on-line HTR decoder This system obtains the worst results of all On the other hand, ( ) is the most similar model to the best ... to balance the absolute values of the morphological model, the constrained language model and the IMT model, these probabilities are combined in a log-linear manner regardless of the language...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... operation and discuss some of the characteristics of these mixture operations – Sum: Instead of comparing only the scores of the best rules, the model with the highest weighted sum of the probabilities ... the union of feature sets of all corresponding hypotheses Union, on the other hand, uses hypotheses from all the phrase tables The feature set of these hypotheses are expanded to include one feature ... models or Product of Experts (Hinton, 1999), the probability of the ensemble model or a rule is computed as the product of the probabilities of all components (or equally the sum of log-probabilities,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 19:20

... thousands of employees Users call the directory system and provide the name of a callee they wish to be connected to The system then requests additional information from the user, such as the ... training and test sets, estimating and evaluating user models) 50 times The results presented in Figure are the average of those 50 runs They are also compared to the normalized log-likelihood of the ... applicable The normalized log-likelihood of each user model, with respect to both the training and test set, is given in Table Since the output of the EM method depends on a random choice of starting...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... This could be the reason why the baseline selects the word “was” instead of “is” As can be seen, there is another “is” in the preceding context of the word “was” in the baseline hypothesis Unfortunately, ... (F+M) selects the former while the baseline selects the latter The forward language model score for the baseline hypothesis is -26.41, which is higher than the score of the F+M hypothesis -26.67 ... on the NIST Chinese-to-English translation tasks with large-scale training data Further study of the two The overall MI trigger model scores (the logarithm of Eq (14)) of the baseline hypothesis...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... near (The Red Lion)) The order of the constraints in the description was randomised to reduce the effect of priming The annotators were then asked to align the attributes (e.g., Indicate the region ... with the additional k data points The number of utterances to be queried k should depend on the flexibility of the annotators and the time required for generating all possible utterances in the ... matching an abstract description of the dialogue act, regardless of the order in which the constraints are presented (e.g., Offer the venue Taj Mahal and provide the information type(restaurant),...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... changed the word order of some sentences by hand Table shows the effect of the global reordering for two sentences In the first example, we changed the order of two groups of consecutive words and ... the target words ei and the time (along the horizont.al axis) with the positions j of the source words J) 2.2 Training To train the alignment and the lexicon model, we use the m a x i m u m likelihood ... this reordering, our assumption about the monotony of the alignment model is more often satisfied The effect of these transformation steps on the sizes of both vocabularies is shown in Table...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 23:20

... that the probability of seeing a lexical chain start / end at a particular instance is independent of the starts / ends of other chains As a result, the probability of seeing a sequence of chain ... also tendency of many lexical chains ending before a story ends As a result, there is a higher density of chain starts and ends in the proximity of a story boundary Furthermore, there tends to ... ks is the shape, λs is the scale for the fitted Weibull distribution for chain starts, Ns is the number of chain starts The same formulation is similarly applied to chain ends Figure shows the...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... economy-wide and terms of- trade effects of emissions trading, however, terms -of- trade effects can offset the allocated efficiency gains for the cases of the Netherland and Italy, while all other regions ... on the arguments above, the revised version of GTAP-E is chosen for the analysis of Vietnamese case The determination of the number of sectors and regions to be aggregated is another step in the ... percent of the base year It seems the impact of carbon tax on GDP reaches the highest point for the period of 2004-2008, and then it is decreasing towards the year 2025 In short, the adoption of carbon...

Ngày tải lên: 26/03/2014, 14:07

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

... formulation of the theory of the phase transitions this scale is related to the renormalization of the theory and, as a matter of fact, is responsible of the anomalous dimension of the order parameter ... field theory) of the bidimensional Ising model in a magnetic field at the critical value Tc of the temperature In the appendices at the end of the chapter one can find the basic notions of the various ... vanishing of the electrical resistance for very low values of the temperature The aim of the theory of phase transitions is to reach a general understanding of all the phenomena mentioned above on the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 10:45

... useful for obtaining a greater understanding of the role of this process in the development of AD-type pathology Unfortunately, knowledge of the extent of complement activation in animal models ... models of AD: present knowledge The examination of complement activation in experimental models of AD has been limited to mice and rats The extent of complement activation and its relationship to the ... which runs between the entorhinal cortex and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus [106,107], systemic administration of the excitotoxin kainic acid [108,109], or injection of the neurotoxin colchicine...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... cleaned of soft tissue, and fixed in 70% ethanol The femur bone was trimmed above and below the ends of the implant, cleaned of soft-tissue, and fixed in 70% alcohol The specimen was further dehydrated ... implant and the bone and soft-tissue pixels adjacent to the edge of the implants were counted Osseointegration was defined as bone-to-implant contact and calculated as the ratio of the number of bone ... the P group, 17 microns for the PHA group, and 26 microns for the CHA group (statistically different between the P and PHA groups and between the P and CHA groups) Representative SEM images of...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... difference in the mean values of surface hardness and the weight percentages of the insoluble parts The mean domain size and the volume fraction of the rubber phase favor that of the water-bath ... 199 and DPI heat-cure denture base resins They found that the use of long polymerization cycle increases the transverse and impact strength values of these materials as compared to the use of ... from injection of the sample as shown in the diagram The average of 12 readings of each sample of heat-cure and self-cure denture base materials were shown in Table The results of MMA content...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... increase in the numbers of individuals to be selected and this together with the smaller effect of the major gene would retard the fixation of the favourable allele Results for a 0.5 and OF 0.5 % ... offspring with the same genotype independent of the genotypes of the parents Thus, within genotypes, the ranking of the candidates is not changed relative to the ranking obtained when using the ... example of the bias induced when ignoring information on the major gene with mass and BLUP selection (when using the gene there is no bias) The bias (EBV g) was calculated in the offspring of a randomly...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... between the real situation and a reference situation The values of the index of connectedness and of the criteria of precision IC and CD located between and The theoretical interpretation of these ... sire and any level of factors included in the model: where n is the total number of progeny, n the sirei number, n the number 2o oo ) k ( Oj of the level jof the kth fixed factor, and n the sire ... order of L- It seems natural to choose some means of the eigenvalues as the global means of the ratio of quadratic forms, eg, the arithmetic and the geometric means: The geometric mean of the eigenvalues...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:22

... the Log Likelihood beyond the optimal fit is expected to be marginal Furthermore, the magnitude of the leading PC and the sum of the eigenvalues should be stabilized, i.e not change value as the ... population and Latvia in the complete dataset (Table 4) These were the countries/populations with the lowest number of records and weak ties with the other countries The mean number of common ... Red Holstein and the other countries was as low as 9, and those for Latvia and Slovenia were 29 and 32, respectively Thus, the results indicate that the use of the FA approach under the optimal...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... p x i CD(x) ! fJn [11] Studying the magnitude of the ratios of quadratic forms then amounts to the study of the magnitude of these eigenvalues The occurrence of the null eigenvalue will be particularly ... of If they are The p vary from to 1, as the criteria They are equal when all the eigenvalues z equal Otherwise, we have the following inequalities: are The dispersion of the eigenvalues and therefore ... (Darroch and Mosimann, 1985), and then becomes: The smaller eigenvalue of [39] is null between the eigenvalues of [6]: Furthermore, the eigenvalues of [39] are Use of theq-1largest eigenvalues of [39]...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 19:22

... whatever the distribution of records across herd-year-seasons and other fixed effects Nevertheless, the phenomenon of non orthogonality between the estimation of a contrast of fixed effects and the ... ease of computation in large field data sets The extension of the theory to the measure of degree of connectedness of random factors is illustrated in this example by calculations of D and &*( ... notice that the variance Coo.,5 of the conditional distribution of given $ is also the variance of the marginal distribution of under the reduced model (0, A) This leads to view the ratio of determinants...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20