implications of china apos s exchange rate regime

... press A brief analysis of the article, called “Lessons,” reinforces key concepts TOOLS OF THE TRADE Reading Stock Indexes in the Business News Each morning, the business news brings reports of ... Time Has Passed 537 Lessons of the Crisis: Oasis of Stability 539 Applying the Concept: Implications of China s Exchange- Rate Regime 540 In the News: Phony Currency Wars 542 Terms 545 Using FRED: ... TVCKSSL Demand deposits DEMDEPSL Other checkable deposits OCDSL Small-denomination time deposits STDCBSL Savings deposits and MMDAs* SAVINGSL Retail MMMFs** RMFSL Nominal GDP FRED Data Codes GDP...

Ngày tải lên: 04/11/2014, 04:25

... were used to estimate the IMT, IBM and language models The corpus consists of 56k sentences of training and a development and test sets of 1.1k sentences Test perplexities for Spanish and English ... in a separate on-line HTR decoder This system obtains the worst results of all On the other hand, ( ) is the most similar model to the best system in (Alabau et al., 2010) This system is clearly ... perplexities for the system s errors has revealed the system weaknesses, test sets are quite low (33 for Spanish and 48 for En- and how they could be addressed in the future glish), perplexities accounting...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... the authors to access the data-sets 944 Results Table shows the results of the baselines The first group are the baseline results on the phrase-based system discussed in Section and the second group ... approach supports ensembles of both hierarchical and phrase-based systems With little modification, it can also support ensemble of syntax-based systems with the other two state -of- the-art SMT sys- ... easily extended to support combining a number of heterogeneous translation systems e.g phrase-based, hierarchical phrase-based, and/or syntax-based systems This section explains how such models...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 19:20

... create synthetic training sets of varying sizes, as well as a test set of 1000 dialogs Each generated dialog d in each training/test set consisted of a sequence of values for all the observed ... easier comparison across data sets of differing sizes We repeated this entire process (generating training and test sets, estimating and evaluating user models) 50 times The results presented in ... variables In our dialog model, a dialog transcript x consists of an alternating sequence of system actions and observed user actions: x = ˜ ˜ (S0 , A0 , S1 , A1 , ) Here St denotes the system...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... partial hypothesis when it is extended into a longer hypothesis by a target phrase translating an uncovered source The start -of- sentence symbol s and end -of- sentence symbol ⟨ /s can be easily added ... This could be the reason why the baseline selects the word “was” instead of “is” As can be seen, there is another “is” in the preceding context of the word “was” in the baseline hypothesis Unfortunately, ... trigger pairs whose PMI value is larger than Trigger pairs whose PMI value is less than often contain stop words, such as “the”, “a” These stop words have very large marginal probabilities due to...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... validator semantic stack s stack set tracker P (R|Sm ) = P (R, S| Sm ) repeated frame first frame final frame S Seq(Sm ) P (R |S, Sm )P (S| Sm ) = S Seq(Sm ) = P (R |S) P (S| Sm ) (1) S Seq(Sm ) Inference ... previous two stacks and the last mandatory stack su ∈ Sm with ≤ u < t: P (S| Sm ) =   ∗ with S = argmax P (S| Sm ) P (st |st−1 , st−2 , su ) if S ∈ Seq(Sm ) otherwise (6) P (rt |rt−1 , s , s , s ... these constraints as Seq(Sm ) ⊆ {S = (s1 sL ) s. t st ∈ Sm ∪ Si } We propose a model which estimates the dis1 The term phrase is thus defined here as any sequence of one or more words 1553 Charlie...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... habitaci6~' By this reordering, our assumption about the monotony of the alignment model is more often satisfied The effect of these transformation steps on the sizes of both vocabularies is shown in ... methods (Ney et al 1992): due to space limitatiol ~s, they are not discussed here Results T h e T a s k and t h e C o r p u s The search algorithln proposed in this paper was tested on a subtask of ... Mr Morales Sfibanme las maletas a mi habitacidn, pot favor Send up my suitcases to my room, please Send up my suitcases to my room, please Pot favor, querr{a qua nos diese las llaves de la habitacidn...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 23:20

... particular instance is independent of the starts / ends of other chains As a result, the probability of seeing a sequence of chain starts at a story boundary is given by the product of a sequence of Weibull ... density of chain starts and ends in the proximity of a story boundary Furthermore, there tends to be fewer chains straddling across a story boundary Based on these characteristics of lexical chains, ... distributions Ns k −1 t  k k  t  − i  P( S | B) = ∏  i  e  λ  , i =1 λ  λ  (5) where S is the sequence of time with chain starts (S= [t1, t2, … ti, … tNs]), ks is the shape, s is...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... and Gas sectors (the emission reduction is small), CO emission reduction is significant for energy intensive sectors such as Paper Products, Mineral Products and non energy intensive sectors such ... GSO, 2011 Statistics data on national accounts of the year 2010 General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) GSO, 2010 Statistics data on national accounts of the year 2009 General Statistics Office ... improvements The paper also evaluates the effect of subsidies allowed in the EU emission trading directive to industries for compensation of the loss of competitiveness The literature survey shows the...

Ngày tải lên: 26/03/2014, 14:07

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

... identification of a class of universality is one of the central questions in statistical physics Here we discuss in detail the class of universality of several models, such as the Ising model, the ... physics Statistical field theory deals, in short, with the behavior of classical or quantum systems consisting of an enormous number of degrees of freedom Those systems have different phases, and ... that is not fixed but is subjected to fluctuations, as a matter of fact it assumes the same value Ensembles in Classical Statistical Mechanics 25 in the utmost majority of the systems of the ensemble...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 10:45

... inaccessibility to laboratory researchers limits the usefulness of these species for studies of AD-related complement activation Conclusions Complement activation has been extensively studied ... because of the presence of NFTs as well as plaques Other animal species Scattered reports of AD-type pathology in other species have also appeared Adding trace amounts of copper to the water supply ... models of human disease generally have similar pathological findings to the human disorders, distinct differences remain These models may be appropriate for studying some aspects of a disease process,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... between surface roughness and osseointegration In our study, the surface roughness of the implants used ranged from a Ra of 17 to 26 microns The surface roughness of the implants tested by Carlsson ... final manuscript Competing interests Research funds in support of this study were provided to Scripps Clinic from Stryker Orthopaedics Two of the authors are employees of Stryker Orthopaedics Received: ... valuable, because it can reduce the incidence of distal osteolysis, which is one of the primary causes of implant failure [41,48,54] One limitation of the study was the use of only roughness parameter...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... dried with soft tissue paper The tensile test was then applied according to the procedures described in previous section RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Residual Monomer Test (HPLC) Figures and show the ... the use of long polymerization cycle increases the transverse and impact strength values of these materials as compared to the use of short polymerization cycle In the present study, the residual ... Analysis for Evaluation 128 plasticizers and other soluble components may leach out over extended periods, while water or saliva is absorbed The loss of plasticizer may cause brittleness and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... and short-term benefits of using known genes in selection schemes This study has shown that when all the information is used with BLUP evaluations, in static and dynamic schemes with constraints ... the same inbreeding level with optimal selection (which also uses BLUP estimates of breeding values) since maximum possible gains can be obtained under constrained OF Table IV shows results from ... although these benefits are small in the long-term [7, 8! Comparisons of rate of gains in truncation selection schemes were made in the context of static schemes and hence with different rates of inbreeding...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... contrasts x’u (such as x’x 1) are considered, without loss of generality, the following results: = = = An increase of CD then corresponds to a decrease of PEV, and the use of both methods leads to ... disconnectedness and favors designs with low precision The variation of this index for similar disconnected situations makes it unreliable for use - = = = = = Another index of connectedness is ... a decrease of precision, and its study has no inherent interest Its study may permit the choice of a strategy for precision increase, either by connectedness increase or by an increase of the...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:22

... is considered to be unstructured The current practice is to estimate this matrix by performing a number of separate analyses considering selected sub-sets of countries [3,4] The resulting estimates ... The purpose of rotating factors is to load variables as unambiguously as possible to the factors In that case, each factor has only a small group of variables with strong loadings Rotations can ... approach, estimates of G from several fits were obtained from a previous study [14] The appropriate fit was chosen by performing several analyses encompassing a first, informed guess of the correct...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... precision Nevertheless, even if disconnectedness never occurs in the strictess sense for random effects, its effect is not negligible It leads to contrasts that are surely estimable, but whose ... independent estimable contrats in the fixed effects case (This illustrates the discussion in the section Disconnectedness, inestima6ility and information supply, the number of independent contrasts with ... 29% of the decrease between balancedness and = unbalancedness, respectively) ; p is more sensitive to changes in high values of CDs The comparisons between genetic levels of years are the most...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 19:22

... effects, BLUP of sire transmitting abilities or individual genetic merits always have solutions whatever the distribution of records across herd-year-seasons and other fixed effects Nevertheless, ... proposed herein is based upon tlie assessment of non-orthogonality between estimators of contrasts (or errors of prediction for random effects) via the Kullback-Leibler distance This measure offers ... This property is lost under an unbalanced distribution up to an ultimate stage consisting of what is called disconnectedness or confounding between the factors This suggests the idea of measuring...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20