history of enzymology with emphasis on food production

... Interrelation of disease-resistance and production should be weighed • Studies have been conducted only on a limited number of native breeds in some countries • Replacement of backyard flocks • Consumer ... Consumer preferences • Food safety • Regulatory approval • Costs of production • Mutations of AIV Viruses 2012, 3192 Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest References ... “master of mutability” and global production of the resistant chickens must be equipped with many decoys target different genes to avoid rapid generation of AIV resistance In addition, replacement of...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 01:20

... suggests the formation of reaction products (in particular semicarbazide) due to the use of active chlorine substances in food, especially on food with high protein content, such as food of animal origin ... formula for the calculation of the concentration of the peroxyacid mixture is given in the appendix MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Mechanisms of action of the antimicrobial agents ... based on the conservative hypothesis that the concentration in the edible part of meat is identical to the concentration in the carcass Table 2: Consumption of meat and meat products (including offal)...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 10:20

... more different combinations of tool and workpiece Whereas, the ‘long tests’ can produce a more complete depiction of the anticipated conditions for various combinations of tool and workpiece, ... a ‘Design of Experiments’ (DoE), in combination with ‘Value Analysis’ (VA) approach to the production problem This strategic technique to the problems of ‘machinability comparisons’ of differing ... series of these ‘ranking’ tests for fast assessment of actual production conditions has been devised over the years and some will be mentioned below, but this is by no means an exhaustive account of...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... consists of portioning the total variation present in a data set into ‘components’ Each ‘component’ is attributed to an identifiable cause, or source of variation; in addition, one ‘component’ represents ... technique in conjunction with a strictly controlled and limited machining strategy – based upon some form of ‘orthogonal array’ , in combination with the ‘strength’ (i.e >5% ‘F-ratio’) of parameters ... functions 15 ‘Value Engineering and Analysis’ (VE/VA), with VE being principally concerned with an overall improvement of designbased details on engineering components, while a more limited form of...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... area of the chip shape and its corresponding ‘Y’ direction The orientation of the modulation direction ‘Y’ toward a dynamically more-rigid direction angle, allows a decrease in vibrational response, ... output of a system with respect to that of the input – the conditions of operation and measurements must be specified’ (Smith, 1993, et al.) of increasing the frictional contact at the interface ... set of conditions for a particular machining operation 7.3.2 Chatter – Important Factors Affecting its Generation In the previous sections, a brief discussion was made concerning just some of...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... and position of the honing stroke, the honing stick pressure (Vc) The inclination angle of the cross-honing action, is a product of the up-/down-ward head motion (Vo) and the rotational speed ... texture comprises of: ‘long-’, ‘medium-’ and ‘short-components’, together with the ‘direction of the dominant pattern’ – superimposed upon each other [Courtesy of Taylor Hobson] Machinability ... deviation of a sample from a production batch run 308 Chapter depending upon whether a fine, medium, or coarse surface texture is obligatory Due to the variability in any production process being one...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... insert) only the conduction term remains ∴ Rate of heat generation (˙ ) = σ ε q ˙ Where: ‘σ’ was obtained from an emprical function of: ‘ε’ , ‘˙’; plus ‘T’ ε NB  This rate of heat generation only ... – at the boundary of γ the triangular secondary zone The frictional stress along the tool/chip interface can be assumed to be constant along the first half of the contact region, then linearly ... from the primary deformation zone and some heat is also conducted from the secondary deformation zone into the body of the cutting insert, while the tertiary deformation zone will also impart some...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... deformation – occurs when high pressures (i.e compression) are exerted on the cutting edge in combination with elevated temperatures Conditions likely to create plastic deformation on the cutting ... generally on a quantitative basis Today, we are concerned with ‘atomic migration’ within metallic solid solutions Fick produced two laws, with Fick’s 1st Law stating: ‘That the amount (J) of a material ... final stages of diffusion are somewhat slow, due to the rate of diffusion decreasing as the concentration gradient diminishes (Higgins, 1979) 65 ‘Atomic diffusion process’ , there is strong evidence...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... tooling, in conjunction with the application of efficient cutting conditions The following simple formula can be utilised to calculate the ROI for a particular: production operation; machine tool; ... means of condition monitoring of the cutting tool’s state – more will be said on this topic later In metal cutting operations AE occurs due to plasto-mechanical processes of crack formation and ... appropriately positioned stationary antenna The telemetry involves a bi-directional transmission, with measured data being transmitted to the ‘stationary side’ of the monitoring system and any control commands...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... majority of engineering applications this real contact area (‘Ar’), is normally only a very minute portion of the apparent real of contact (‘Aa’) – even after the contacting asperities of the softer ... ‘apparent’ areas of contact were ‘equalised’ in this region Therefore, under ‘sticking friction’ conditions, the ‘mean angle of friction’ on the rake face, depends on the: Form of the normal stress ... Coulomb (1785), confirmed these ‘frictional laws’ with the observation that: ‘The coefficient of friction* is substantially independent of the speed of sliding.’ *Coefficient of friction (µ) = F/N...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... Chapter 7.10 Surface Integrity of Machined Components – Introduction fects when discussing the machined surface condition in the following section Previously in Section 7.5 concerning machined surface ... presents on the surface, moreover, there was a cutting/fracture sequence indicated with confirmation of work-hardening having ‘layered scales’ of with cracks and crevices beneath them Conversely, ... underlying ‘whitelayer’ condition was present, having a local recorded hardness of 860 HVPN By way of comparison, if this same alloy steel composition had received a ‘conventional’ hardness heat-treatment...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... of tensile residual stress was apparent in the immediate surface region Here, directly under this tensile stress zone, the stress concentration changed to one of compression (i.e to a depth of ... ‘white-layer’ region extends to quite a small depth beneath the surface, in the region of 10 to 100 µm, depending upon the severity of the ‘abusive regime’ of surface generation Considering Fig 191 once again, ... substrate compression layer also increased in magnitude, which could lead to considerable workpiece distortion, once the clamping forces had been released – particularly if only one-side of the part...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... 225–257, 1993 Taylor, F.W On the Art of Cutting Metals Trans of ASME, Vol 28, 31, 1907 Thomsen, E.G., Application of the Mechanics of Plastic Deformation to Metal Cutting Annals of the CIRP, Vol 14, ... Properties of Engineering Materials Hodder and Stoughton Educ., 1979 Influence of Metallurgy on Hole Making Operations American Soc of Metals (Ohio), 1978 Influence of Metallurgy on Machinability ... Soc of Metals (Ohio), 1975 Preliminary Study of Variations in Machinability of Carbon Steel PERA Pub No 179, April 1968 Kaczmarek, J Principles of Machining by Cutting, Abrasion and Erosion Peter...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... reanalysis of phase study results with emphasis on dose-volume effects of pelvic radiotherapy Radiation Oncology 2011 6:33 Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and take full advantage of: • Convenient ... criterion Unlike early-phase studies with systemic therapies, where location of disease manifestations presumably is less critical for evaluation of treatment tolerability, the anatomic site of the ... with dose [1] In the context of combining a systemic targeted agent with radiotherapy, it is acknowledged that the delivered radiation dose may on occasion be close to or even at the limits of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 09:20

... qRT-PCR expression values Page 15 of 17 Additional file 5: Comparison of the expression profiles of selected TDFs obtained by cDNA-AFLP and qRT-PCR for the samples of replication Additional file 6: ... experimental conditions, slightly higher than the cut-off value of 0.15 The inclusion of a fourth internal control gene resulted in an increase of the pairwise variation, yielding a V3/4 value of 0.129 ... cell wall components appear to be adaptations of land plants, cell wall evolution after the colonization of land is seemingly characterized by the elaboration of a pre-existing set of genes and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:21

... (1.1%) Duration of disease mean ± sd/years 3.6 ± 2.7 3.0 ± 1.9 3.5 ± 1.2 3.7 ± 2.5 275 Age at onset and duration of disease are listed in the commonest breeds affected the duration of the disease ... way analysis of variance was used, when the relation between the age of outbreak or duration of disease and severity of clinical signs was assessed Two sided P-values < 0.05 were considered significant ... breeds, both of them represented 33% of the affected ponies, while all the rest were of different pony breeds (Table 1) Of the horses, 48% were female and 52% male; geldings and stallions formed...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:22

... m, ≤ m ≤ Mu , of user u, ≤ u ≤ U The received samples of (1) are fed into the MLD and PLACE unit One iteration consists of an estimation of h based on P and the extrinsic information from the last ... numerical results in Section We therefore give a short description of this type of MLD for convenience The interference cancelation is done in a parallel fashion and is based on soft chip values from ... theory point of view,” in Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on Turbo Codes & Related Topics in Connection with the 6th International ITG-Conference on Source and Channel Coding, Munich,...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

... organisations that have been espoused in the form of declarations, programmes of action and resolutions The Declaration of the UN Conference on the Environment of 1972 (Stockholm Declaration) presents ... control not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.” The conception of the international responsibility of States expressed by this principle ... palm oil production) .92 Among these are: the “environmental responsibility and conservation of natural resources and biodiversity” and the “responsible consideration of employees and of individuals...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 02:20

... sometimes consider the sets Ax of paths as events, meaning the set of of paths with the property specified in the definition of Ax For future reference, note also that A0 corresponds to the set of strict ... the set of paths with the additional condition that for each segment [i, j], Sh < ℓ for i < h < j That is, in terms of the notation in the Crossing Lemma, the event At occurs for each of the k ... sides of (13) and (17) are equal for infinitely many values of r and t, and we use a polynomial argument to complete the proof The proof of equation (18) is similar to that of (14) using the idea of...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 12:23

... the sites of production of free radicals In addition, the amounts of HYA and C4S might cause an increase in total negative charge with a consequent inhibition of lymphocyte interactions with the ... Available online http://arthritis-research.com/content/5/3/R122 of phagocytes during infection or inflammation; a consequence of the uncontrolled production of free radicals is damage ... Effects of HYA and C4S on clinical signs of CIA Four days after the second immunisation, animals began to show evidence of clinical inflammation in one or more hindpaws The first manifestation of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:21