hawken author the ecology of commerce
The Department of Commerce Budget in Brief Fiscal Year 2013 doc
... workforce in the offices of the Inspectors General The DOC OIG is a member of CIGIE, and the Act authorizes interagency funding of CIGIE and requires that any department, agency, or entity of the executive ... by subtracting the number of people counted in the census from the number of people measured in the survey and then dividing by the estimate of the total population according to the survey A net ... detailed description of these outcomes and their measures can be found in the Census section of the Department of Commerce Budget 2011 Actual Objective 14: Improve understanding of the U.S economy,...
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the ecology of building materials
... Use of local sources of energy The shorter the distance between the power station and the user, the smaller the amount of energy lost in the network/distribution line Over larger distances the ... for others Another important aspect to address is to reduce the loss of resources during production, the construction process and throughout the life of the completed building The re-use of materials ... taken care of at their original level of quality, rather than downcycled Reduction of the use of raw materials in the production process Increased exploitation of smaller sources of raw materials...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 1 doc
... considers the biotas in their ecologic context, from their diversification to the development of planktonic, level-bottom, reef, hardground, and deep-water communities RADIATION The theme of radiation ... aspects of their ecology are discussed within analyses of particular communities Not all the views expressed in this book are in agreement, nor should they be We hope that comparison of the facts, ... 13); how the Early Cambrian biota changed the quality of seawater, thereby allowing the radiation of diverse phototrophic communities (Zhuravlev— chapter 8; Burzin et al.— chapter 10); how the appearance...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 2 ppsx
... 1995) The problem of relating the two scales is complicated by the fact that the base of the Tommotian was taken as the base of the Cambrian at 570 Ma in Harland et al 1990 Since then, the Nemakit-Daldynian ... select the “best” study from several on the same unit have included the number of sites, the scatter of the data, the magnetic tests, and the pole position relative to other poles of the same ... revision to the age of the base of the Cambrian period and other early Paleozoic stratigraphic boundaries; and, of course, the great interest in the transition from the late Precambrian to the Cambrian...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 3 potx
... Certainly, there are problems, such as the position of some blocks or the evolution of the Innuitian Belt in the Canadian Arctic, which still await solution There is no general agreement on the paleogeographic ... Shan, northern Pamir) structures, the formation of which was closely related to numerous Precambrian microcontinents The appearance of the belt was a result of the tectonic development of several ... on the Gondwana margins facing the Panthalassa Ocean They include the volcanic arcs of North China, southeastern Australia, Antarctica, the Cordillera of Chile and Argentina, and possibly the...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 4 ppt
... crystalline rocks of the craton were uplifted and eroded, presumably as bulging of the crust and transgression of the platform proceeded Comparison of the 87Sr/ 86Sr record of the Ediacarian-Cambrian ... thermal relaxation of the crust following the initial rifting of Rodinia in the Riphean, followed either by renewed phases of rifting (Laurentia, Baltica) or by the development of foreland basins ... in the stratigraphic column, the distribution of these grazing traces has been related to the incidence of event sands, such as turbidites, which cast and preserve the delicate top tier of the...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 5 ppt
... the Cambrian, the isotopic record suggests the unique nature of the period On the basis of strontium and carbon isotopic studies, the tectonism of Rodinia, especially that related to the Brasiliano–Pan-African ... their criticism and comments, which greatly improved the work The English was checked by G Häkli This work was supported by the Geological Survey of Finland and the Department of Geology of the ... zone the Varangerian-Sinian Glacial Zone, on the basis of the ages of the glacial deposits, and suggested that the zone appears to continue to Mato Grosso, Argentina, probably to Uruguay, southern...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 6 doc
... represents the base of the Uratanna sequence in the Arrowie Basin In the Stansbury Basin, depending on location, the base of the Mount Terrible Formation is in the transgressive systems tract of the ... remains for subaerial erosion at the top of sequence in the northern part of the Thorntonia region, at the top of the Thorntonia Limestone At the Ardmore Inlier in the Burke River Structural Belt, ... fossil–bearing sandstones of the upper Uratanna Formation or at the base of the Parachilna Formation in the Arrowie Basin (Mount and McDonald 1992) The boundary is placed at the base of the Wangkonda Formation...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 7 pdf
... DISCUSSION The Cambrian represents a critical point in the development of nearly all biofabrics Near the base of the Cambrian, there was a significant shift in the nature of sedimentary fabrics From then ... from bioturbation and the production of shell beds are a fruitful area for future research The effects of the initiation of vertical bioturbation and the development of the infaunal habitat, ... distributions that are tied directly to the stratigraphic distribution of the organism However, commonly, the range of the biofabric will be less than that of the actual organism For example, articulate...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 8 ppsx
... Cambrian interval (from the base of the proavus Zone to the base of the lindstromi Zone) The global correlation of these stratigraphic units is given by Zhuravlev (1995) for the Early Cambrian and ... Together these fluctuations may serve as an approximation to the structure of the entire biota, which is expressed in the specialization and degree of competitive interaction The values of these ... extinction The strength of an external “kick” (extrinsic factor) needed for the destruction of a system is indicative of the stability of the system (Robertson 1993) Even if fluctuations of abiotic...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 9 pot
... million years Then, near the base of the Tommotian, and in remarkable parallel with the Cambrian explosion of large organisms, a whole range of complex new forms are introduced, and the rate of evolutionary ... crustaceans and their bear- ing on the interpretation of fossil forms Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (Earth Sciences) 76 : 103–113 Gould, S J 1985 The paradox of the first tier: ... ecological theory for the sudden origin of multicellular life in the late Precambrian Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 70 : 1486 – 1489 Stanley, S M 1976 Ideas on the timing of metazoan...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 10 pptx
... typical of deltaic areas In the prograde delta-front sequence of the Chapel Island Formation of the Nemakit-Daldynian of Avalonia, the higher-energy environments show a preponderance of vertical ... 10.2.2) The shallow level-bottom community underwent signicant changes during the Cambrian (see tables 10.1 and 10.2) After the demise of the Tommotian Evolutionary Fauna by the end of the Early ... early as the middle Vendian (Redkinan) In the estuaries of Baltica, the bushy alga Eoholynia formed oating mats (Burzin 1996) Their remains accumulated on the pycnocline, where they were further...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 11 doc
... radiations of the Phanerozoic utive faunas effectively and trace the trends in the formation of taxa of higher rank: classes and subclasses Valentine (1992), in examining the macroevolution of phyla, ... external aspects— characteristics of the environment Both these kinds of aspects can be seen in the Ordovician radiation (Droser et al 1996) The pattern of their interaction is discussed in this ... FLOOR The faunas of hard sea floors always differ strongly in composition and number from those of soft sea floors There are two main types of hard sea floor, differing in their mechanism of formation...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 13 doc
... al 1994) The purpose of this chapter is to review the progressive colonization of the deep sea from the Precambrian to the Ordovician, that is, through the period of Cambrian radiation THE ENVIRONMENTAL ... Evidence of life at truly bathyal depths is largely absent during the Vendian, although records of the trace fossil Planolites within the deep-sea turbidite sequence of the South Stack Formation of the ... diverse than those of sandy areas (Menzies et al 1973), whereas in these ancient seas, the absence of algae and the scarcity of large animals increased the survival possibilities of the detritivorous...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 14 pps
... cluster of protospongid character has been found at the base of the formation (basal chert) (Steiner et al 1993) The middle part of the formation bears a diverse fauna of complete specimens of hexactinellids, ... according to the reconstructed position of their soft tissues: the Ajacicyathida (Regulares) and the Archaeocyathida (Irregulares) In the Regulares (Debrenne et al 1990b), soft tissue lled the entire ... to the one observed on the top of the Recent Vesterisbanken Seamount in the Greenland Sea (Henrich et al 1992) Atdabanian rocks of northern Greenland (Sirius Passet) have yielded two genera of...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 15 pot
... surprising diversity of early cephalopods, most of which had become extinct by the end of the Late Cambrian, is consistent with the explosive record of other Late Cambrian mollusks However, the data are ... present at the end of the rectum The configuration of the digestive tract makes it difficult to reconstruct a metameric body and serially arranged dorsoventral muscles at the rear part of the body ... scars may be the result of migration of muscle attachment areas to the morphologically anterior part of the growing body However, this reconstruction, based on the inner structure of orthothecimorphs,...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 16 potx
... 16.2) Three of these—Paterinida, Lingulida, and Acrotretida—appeared during the Early Cambrian, the Siphonotretida appeared in the Middle Cambrian, and the Discinida arose at the end of the Cambrian ... transported with the food, which is the major source of PO43Ϫ ions for shell formation The appearance of mineralized skeletons at the advent of the Cambrian was due to a unique combination of environmental ... M 1969 The food of articulate brachiopods Journal of Paleontology 43 : 976 –985 McKerrow, W S., ed 1978 The Ecology of Fossils Cambridge: MIT Press Nielsen, C 1991 The development of the brachiopod...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 17 docx
... measures of ecologic diversity, and presents an overview of the ecologic evolution of these fossils Recent interest in the Cambrian radiation has been fueled by the redescription of Cambrian soft-bodied ... 1995) Of the “economic” aspects of ecology (sensu Eldredge 1989), inferences on feeding behavior are most important because these may indicate the role of trilobites in the trophic structure of ... trilobites The convergence of a set of morphologic and occurrence features (particularly related to the form of the eye) among members of several different clades permitted the recognition of a generalized...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 18 ppt
... analysis of feeding strategies However, the conclusions therein may need modification in light of the discovery of trunk gnathobases in the anomalocaridids (Hou et al 1995) The lobopodous members of the ... component of all these faunas Orsten and Similar Deposits Dissolution of orsten (“stinkstone”) nodules in the Agnostus pisiformis level of the Alum Shale of southern Sweden and northern Germany ... and an “others” group) Analyses of this sort rely on knowledge not only of the overall morphology of the animal but also of the limbs, and even in Burgess Shale taxa this knowledge is often incomplete...
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The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation - Andrey Zhuravlev - Chapter 19 pdf
... Echinoderms of the Cambrian remained a modest component of the biota until favorable environmental shifts provided the catalyst for rapid ecologic expansion as part of the Ordovician radiation of metazoans ... slightly farther north into the tropics, then gradually converged (Golonka et al 1994) Baltica and Laurentia collided with the closing of the Iapetus during the Middle Ordovician The reconstructions ... achieve the success of crinoids Early Ordovician cylindrical rhombiferans have brachioles arising from the top of the theca, similar to those of Gogia and as such probably represent a continuation of...
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