grant and lee a study in contrasts questions on meaning

Ngày tải lên: 26/11/2013, 13:22

... Proposalstoinstallbikelanesonmajorstreetsareoftenmetwithoppositionfrommerchants whofearthatthereallocationofroadspacefromonstreetparkingtoonstreetbikelaneswould hurtbusiness.Thepurposeofthisstudyistounderstandandestimatetheimportanceofon streetparking tobusinessonBloorStreetintheAnnexneighbourhoodofToronto. ToencouragemoreCanadianstousebicyclesforutilitariantripsmoreoften,itisessentialthat theimplementationofbikelanesonmajorstreetsbeaccelerated.TheBloorDanforthcorridoris aparticularlyattractiveoptionforacitywide eastwestbikelaneinTorontobecauseitisoneof theonlylong,straight,relativelyflatroutesthatconnectsthecityfromendtoend;thereareno streetcartracks;andithasoneofthehighestincidencesofbicyclecollisionsinthecity. Thisreportisaboutthedevelopment andtestingofnewanalytictoolstodeterminethepublic acceptabilityandeconomicimpactofreallocatingroadspace.ThestudyconductedinJulyof 2008surveyedtheopinionsandpreferencesof61merchantsand538patronsonBloorStreet andanalyzedparkingusagedatainthearea. Among thestudysfindings: ã Only10%ofpatronsdrivetotheBloorAnnexneighbourhood; ã Evenduringpeakperiodsnomorethanabout80%ofpaidparkingspacesarepaidfor; ã ... importanceof on streetparkingto businessactivity on BloorStreetWest in theAnnex.Thefindingsshowthatrelativetotheother modesoftransportation,notverymanypatronsdrivetotheBloorAnnexarea.Therefore, on streetparking doesnotappeartobe a majorissuefortheeconomicwell‐beingofbusinesses. 71%ofmerchantsbelievethatlessthanone‐quarteroftheirpatronsdrivetotheirbusiness. Accordingtooursurveyofpeople on thestreet,only10%ofpatronsdrivetotheBloorAnnex, and 16%ofpatronswhodonotliveorwork in thearea.Furthermore,ofallpatrons,thosethat drivetotheBloorAnnexvisittheleastoften and reportspendingtheleastamountofmoney. Thesecondgoalofthis study wastoprojecttheimpacts on businessactivityofreallocating  space in theAnnexfrom on streetparkingtoothertravelmodessuchascycling (a bikelane) and walking (a widersidewalk).From a purelyeconomicalpointofview, in ordertomaximize commercialactivity,theprioritizationofspaceshouldshiftclosertowardthemodeoftravel usedby themajorityofpatrons.Pedestrians,cyclists and publictransitusersmakeup90%of patrons, and donotneed on oroff‐streetparking.Providingmorespaceforcycling and for pedestriansimprovesaccessibility.Dedicatedbicyclelanesattractcyclists and widened sidewalks–wherethereismorespacetodedicateto streetfurniture,likebenches,waste receptacles,plantings and bicycleparking–attractpedestrians.Thesurveyshowsthatpatrons arrivingbyfoot and bicyclevisitthemostoften and spendthemostmoney.Itappears in the bestinterestofmerchantstofavourreallocatingspacetowardtheirmorefrequent and higher‐ spendingpatrons– in thiscase,pedestrians and cyclists. AccordingtothedatasuppliedbytheTPA, on averagebetweenaboutonethird and twothirds of on streetparkingisusedduringthepayparkingperiods(9:00 a. m.to9:00p.m.), and 48%to 82%ofoff‐streetparkinglot spaceisused.Theremovalofonelaneof on streetparkingwould reduce on streetparkingbyonehalf and totalpaidparking in the study areabyabout 20%. Sinceaveragepeakusageisnotfarabove80%atanytimeoftheday,thepotential20% reduction canlikelybeabsorbedbyexistingpaidparkingcapacity. In addition,evenifallthe BloorAnnexpatronswhodrivecannotbeaccommodated,thesurveydatashowthelost businessassociatedwithreducedparkingspacewouldlikelybemorethanoffsetbyattracting morenon‐drivingpatronsbyimprovingthebicycling and pedestrianenvironment. On thequestionofwhethertoinstall a bikelaneorwidenthesidewalk,theresponseofpatrons wasquiteclear:bikelanesarepreferred.75%ofmerchantsthought a bikelaneorwidened sidewalkwouldimproveorhavenoeffect on business, and patronspreferred a bikelaneto widenedsidewalksat a ratioofalmostfourtoone.Even46%ofdriverssupportedtheideaof a ...  P’lots,alsowithin a twoorthreeminutewalkofthe study area:at577 Palmerston,365 Lippincott and 19Spadina.ThedatatrackspaymentsmadeusingTPA’spay and display machinesforboth on streetparking and off‐streetTPAlots. For on streetparking,dataisreportedasthenumberofvalidticketsduring15‐minuteintervals throughoutthedaysthatcorrespondwith thepedestriansurveydays(July8,9,10,15,16,17 and 19).However,dataforSaturday,July19 th wasnotavailable,soSaturday,July12 th was substitutedinstead.Theresearcherstookhourlysnapshotsbetween10:00 a. m. and 9:00p.m.– thehourswhenthemachinesaregenerally in use– and determinedtheaveragenumberof validticketsthroughouttheday,aswellasmorning‐midday,afternoon, and eveningaverages. Fortheoff‐streetlots, parkingdataisreportedasdaily and eveningpeaks–thehighest recordednumberofvalidticketsatanygiventime in thedayoreveningperiod.Again,theTPA supplieddataforthesamedaysasthe on streetparkingdata,whichcorrespondtothe pedestriansurveydays. Theaverage validticketcountswerecomparedtotheoverallcapacity–either on streetor in lots–todeterminetheaverageusageof on street and off‐streetpaidparking. 3.4...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 00:20

... and despite the increase in the range and rate of most taxes in the eight- eenth and early nineteenth centuries, and a measure of consolidation and innovation. In particular, though the land ...   inadequate, a law of commercial association rudimentary and a property law inhibiting the full exploitation of land and minerals. Finally the legal process was one of in nite slowness, ... agrarian economy. Land was the foundation of political power, social status and material wealth; the main focus of society was the village or the small town and the population was small, and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 11:20

... Australia, as on Clyde, the stones bear some of the archaic markings common on the rock faces both in Scotland and in Central Australia: on large rocks they are painted, in Australia, in Scotland ... circles, a cupped stone, and a large quartz crystal of the kind which Apaches in North America, and the Euahlayi tribe in New South Wales, use in crystal gazing. In early ages, after the metals had ... (dismissing the Kintyre and Tappock stones,) the "manufacturers" did know, apparently, that perforated and inscribed, or uninscribed tablets and plaques of shale and schist and slate and gas...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 14:20

... early Church Fathers and culminating in the great Scholastics. But, at last, its generative ideas—sin and salvation, nature and grace, unity, infinity, and kingdom—had done their work. Vast systems ... geometrical relationships are known to us by inductive reasoning from many observed instances. Physicists may think of certain facts in place of constants and variables, but the same constants and variables will ... mission that we regard it as the only im- portant expressive act, and assume that all other activity must be practical in an animalian way, or else irrational—playful, or atavistic (residual) past...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 17:25

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Ngày tải lên: 31/05/2014, 00:53

... Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Alves et al. Journal of Translational Medicine 2011, 9:23 http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/9/1/23 â ... contrast, in an animal model of sepsis VEGF -A levels increased in liver, kidney and heart, and no difference could be detected between VEGF -A levels in serum and plasma, arguing against a majorroleofplateletsasasourceofVEGF -A[ 8] .In our ... considered a medical emergency, and a standar- dized management approach including wide-spectrum antibiotics and admission is usually implemented for all patients. So far, there are no reliable...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... brain slices during and after ischemia: comparison with lactate dehydrogenase leakage. Neurochem Int 2005, 47:580-588. 6. Nardin P, Tramontina F, Leite MC, Tramontina AC, Quincozes-Santos A, ... Intraperitoneal infusion of LPS, or saline solution, was carried out in adult Wistar rats under anaesthesia. After 30 min or 24 h, CSF was collected by magna puncture (C) and blood by intracardic ... S100B secretion: a study in cerebrospinal fluid and astrocyte cultures from rats Maria Cristina Guerra † , Lucas S Tortorelli † , Fabiana Galland, Carollina Da Ré, Elisa Negri, Douglas S Engelke, Letícia Rodrigues,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... machine operators Factory Quality Laboratory Quality control 0.52 Quality Technicians Pathology and anatomy laboratories Macroscopic examination 5.02 Pathologist Pathology and anatomy laboratories ... Portugal and REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and SINTOR-UNINOVA, Monte de Caparica, Portugal. 6 Environmental and Occupational Health Department and ... RESEARC H Open Access Genotoxic effects in occupational exposure to formaldehyde: A study in anatomy and pathology laboratories and formaldehyde-resins production Susana Viegas 1,3* , Carina Ladeira 2,3 ,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 00:20

... Taha Y, Raab Y, Larsson A, Carlson M, Loof L, Gerdin B, Thorn M: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a possible mediator of inflammation and mucosal permeability in patients with collagenous ... contrast, in an animal model of sepsis VEGF -A levels increased in liver, kidney and heart, and no difference could be detected between VEGF -A levels in serum and plasma, arguing against a majorroleofplateletsasasourceofVEGF -A[ 8] .In our ... Yoshida H, Sakisaka S, Taniguchi E, Kawaguchi T, Ariyoshi M, Saiki T, Sakamoto M, Nagata K, et al: Vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1998,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... The packaging layer is brought down and taped into hard contact and measured. (Case 3) A top metal press plate and a 15 lbwt are put on top of the packaging layer (15 psi) to simulate bonding ... stackup. aluminum contacts. However, for a reliable and long-term operation, a substantial sealed package is still desired to protect GaAs MMICs from the environment. In addition, to create compact, inexpensive ... resistance and reactance of the inkjet-printed RFID tag. THREE-DIMENSIONAL PACKAGING IN MULTILAYER ORGANIC SUBSTRATES 23 As a benchmark of this approach, an inductively coupled feeding RFID tag...

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