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... every file can be somewhat annoying, but a quick and easy solution is to use Automator to it for you (to learn what Automator is, see Exploring OS X Lion: Automator, on page 232) Here are the steps: ... Trackpad When a Mouse Is Attached Install Only Printer Drivers and Not Their Add-ins Send Somebody a Link to an App Get a Bigger Search Area in Safari Copy Calculator Results Bookmark Images and ... take effect: Launchpad A hidden setting can be tweaked to make Launchpad appear and disappear instantly To activate it, open a Terminal window (Finder Applications Utilities Terminal) and type the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 20:20

... ~/Library/Services Then drag the Secure Delete service file to the trash Then log out and back in again Tip Auto-answer FaceTime Calls Here’s a neat tip that enables the FaceTime app to automatically answer incoming ... can then manually save with a new filename Time-consuming, to say the least! The good news is that Mountain Lion goes some way to restoring the Save As option Alas, there are a couple of caveats, ... Visual Effect Get Better Trackpad Right-Clicking Convert Images into a PDF Make Only One Program Window Visible at a Time Add the Trash to Finder Save a Movie’s Audio Save PDFs Automatically to a...

Ngày tải lên: 28/04/2014, 16:23

... sarcolemmal Naϩ/Kϩ-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) affects the generation and maintenance of cardiac membrane potentials Describe the mechanisms that maintain calcium gradients across the cardiac cell ... from an increase in gKϩ and a decrease in gCaϩϩ Phase undergoes a spontaneous depolarization owing to a pacemaker current (If) carried in part by Naϩ; decreased gKϩ and increased gCaϩϩ also contribute ... bradycardia Changes in the serum concentration of ions, particularly potassium, can cause changes in SA node firing rate Hyperkalemia induces bradycardia or can even stop SA nodal firing, whereas...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... to be active, leading to changes in rhythm and ectopic beats Finally, cellular hypoxia results in the accumulation of intracellular calcium, which can lead to afterdepolarizations and tachycardia ... They are usually caused by ectopic pacemaker sites within these cardiac regions and appear as extra (and early) P waves or QRS-complexes These premature depolarizations are often abnormally shaped, ... have an abnormal shape and be wider than normal because depolarization does not follow the normal conduction pathways A condition can arise in which ventricular rate is greater than atrial rate;...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... carbohydrates, although the heart is flexible in its use of substrates and can also metabolize amino acids, ketones, and lactate Arteries and veins are arranged as three layers: adventitia, media, and ... A phosphorylation of L-type calcium channels ␤2-adrenoceptor activation in vascular smooth muscle leads to a Activation of myosin light chain kinase b Contraction c Decreased intracellular cAMP ... Ch04_059-090_Klabunde 4/21/04 11:08 AM Page 59 chapter Cardiac Function CD-ROM CONTENTS LEARNING OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION CARDIAC ANATOMY Functional Anatomy of the Heart Autonomic Innervation THE CARDIAC...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... function as well For example, sudden fear or emotion can sometimes cause vagal activation leading to bradycardia, withdrawal of sympathetic vascular tone, and fainting (vasovagal syncope) Fear and anxiety ... Prevertebral Ganglia Paravertebral Ganglia FIGURE 6-4 Organization of sympathetic and vagal innervation of the heart and circulation The tenth cranial nerve (vagus; parasympathetic) arises from the brainstem ... vasculature These cardiac and vascular responses help to restore normal arterial pressure As sympathetic fibers are being activated, parasympathetic activity is decreased This is important because...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... change Below or above the autoregulatory range, flow changes are approximately proportional to the changes in perfusion pressure The autoregulatory range as well as the flatness of the autoregulatory ... binding to vascular AT1 receptors and by enhancement of sympathetic activity These changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance lead to a hypertensive state an ACE inhibitor The reason ... (ANP activates particulate guanylyl cyclase) ANP also attenuates sympathetic vascular tone This latter mechanism may involve ANP acting upon sites within the central nervous system as well as...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... Gas exchange depends, in part, on diffusion distances and the surface area available for exchange The capillaryalveolar arrangement is such that diffusion distances are minimized and surface area ... mechanical trauma, heat, or chemicals releases paracrine substances such as histamine and bradykinin, which increase blood flow and cause localized edema by increasing microvascular permeability ... the post -to- precapillary resistance ratio decreases to 0.15 Calculate the increase in mean capillary pressure caused by the heart failure Use Equation 8-3 to calculate the mean capillary pressure...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... are activated (ϩ) and parasympathetic nerves are inactivated (-) during exercise, leading to adrenal release of catecholamines, cardiac stimulation, and vasoconstriction from the medullary cardiovascular ... heart failure) secondary to a myocardial infarction, the heart will not be able to respond to sympathetic stimulation in the same manner as would a normal heart As another example, vascular responsiveness ... system and inhibits vagal influences to the heart These changes in autonomic activity increase heart rate and inotropy It is important to note that cardiac stimulation alone does not lead to a significant...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... (preload) Because arterial vasodilators enhance cardiac output in heart failure patients, the reduction in systemic vascular resistance does not usually lead to an unacceptable fall in arterial ... cardiovascular function to enhance organ perfusion and increase exercise capacity; and (3) reducing mortality Four pharmacologic approaches are taken to achieve these goals The first approach is to reduce ... running is associated with a large fall in systemic vascular resistance owing to metabolic vasodilation in active skeletal muscle (i.e., active hyperemia) To maintain (and elevate) arterial pressure,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... that results in a significant reduction in maximal flow capacity in a distal vascular bed A critical stenosis, while always reducing maximal flow capacity, may or may not reduce resting flow because ... Blood Abnormal Cardiac Pressures and Volumes Caused by Valve Disease Ventricular Hypertrophy Ventricular Stroke Work Chapter Critical Stenosis Valsalva Maneuver Chapter Chapter Angina Chapter Capillary ... RT The above analysis explains why interventional measures such as opening a narrowed coronary artery by inflating a balloon (balloon angioplasty) or placing a wire stent within the vessel to keep...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... carbohydrates, although the heart is flexible in its use of substrates and can also metabolize amino acids, ketones, and lactate Arteries and veins are arranged as three layers: adventitia, media, and ... A phosphorylation of L-type calcium channels ␤2-adrenoceptor activation in vascular smooth muscle leads to a Activation of myosin light chain kinase b Contraction c Decreased intracellular cAMP ... Ch04_059-090_Klabunde 4/21/04 11:08 AM Page 59 chapter Cardiac Function CD-ROM CONTENTS LEARNING OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION CARDIAC ANATOMY Functional Anatomy of the Heart Autonomic Innervation THE CARDIAC...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... circulating epinephrine augment sympathetic adrenergic effects via ␤1-adrenoceptor activation In humans and some other mammalian hearts, an abrupt increase in afterload can cause a modest increase ... calculation for parallel networks explains why capillaries constitute a relatively small fraction of the total vascular resistance of an organ or microvascular network Although capillaries have ... effect on total resistance, whereas changes in small artery and arteriolar resistances greatly affect total resistance This is why small arteries and arterioles are the principal vessels regulating...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... change Below or above the autoregulatory range, flow changes are approximately proportional to the changes in perfusion pressure The autoregulatory range as well as the flatness of the autoregulatory ... binding to vascular AT1 receptors and by enhancement of sympathetic activity These changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance lead to a hypertensive state an ACE inhibitor The reason ... (ANP activates particulate guanylyl cyclase) ANP also attenuates sympathetic vascular tone This latter mechanism may involve ANP acting upon sites within the central nervous system as well as...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... Gas exchange depends, in part, on diffusion distances and the surface area available for exchange The capillaryalveolar arrangement is such that diffusion distances are minimized and surface area ... mechanical trauma, heat, or chemicals releases paracrine substances such as histamine and bradykinin, which increase blood flow and cause localized edema by increasing microvascular permeability ... the post -to- precapillary resistance ratio decreases to 0.15 Calculate the increase in mean capillary pressure caused by the heart failure Use Equation 8-3 to calculate the mean capillary pressure...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... are activated (ϩ) and parasympathetic nerves are inactivated (-) during exercise, leading to adrenal release of catecholamines, cardiac stimulation, and vasoconstriction from the medullary cardiovascular ... heart failure) secondary to a myocardial infarction, the heart will not be able to respond to sympathetic stimulation in the same manner as would a normal heart As another example, vascular responsiveness ... system and inhibits vagal influences to the heart These changes in autonomic activity increase heart rate and inotropy It is important to note that cardiac stimulation alone does not lead to a significant...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... (preload) Because arterial vasodilators enhance cardiac output in heart failure patients, the reduction in systemic vascular resistance does not usually lead to an unacceptable fall in arterial ... cardiovascular function to enhance organ perfusion and increase exercise capacity; and (3) reducing mortality Four pharmacologic approaches are taken to achieve these goals The first approach is to reduce ... running is associated with a large fall in systemic vascular resistance owing to metabolic vasodilation in active skeletal muscle (i.e., active hyperemia) To maintain (and elevate) arterial pressure,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... that results in a significant reduction in maximal flow capacity in a distal vascular bed A critical stenosis, while always reducing maximal flow capacity, may or may not reduce resting flow because ... Blood Abnormal Cardiac Pressures and Volumes Caused by Valve Disease Ventricular Hypertrophy Ventricular Stroke Work Chapter Critical Stenosis Valsalva Maneuver Chapter Chapter Angina Chapter Capillary ... RT The above analysis explains why interventional measures such as opening a narrowed coronary artery by inflating a balloon (balloon angioplasty) or placing a wire stent within the vessel to keep...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... students alike to acknowledge that a balanced and integrated approach to note-taking is important particularly for foreign language learners at International School Pedagogically, it is important and ... but the main goals of it are remembering and recording, and note-taking basically is: analytical, organisational and creative 5 Notetaking is important because it improves the listening ability ... particularly as it helps to develop a sense of listening, allowing the reader to recognize main ideas and to understand the organization of the material Note-taking is believed to be an important part...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2015, 13:59