glutamate neurotransmission in the honey bee central nervous system

... differences in honey bees Another example is C1504.F, which is expressed in higher levels in queens than workers (Figure 1) and is nested within the honey bee ortholog of the RNA binding protein gene, ... miRNAs in other species, orders and phyla, allow inferences regarding the roles these caste- or stage-biased miRNAs may play in honey bees For instance, we find that ame-mir-9a is among the most ... Rbp8 in Drosophila, and RPB8 in humans - part of the RNA polymerase II core complex and intimately involved in all transcriptional Intriguingly, the functional processes of other genes hosting intronic...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:21

... of virus infections in honey bees Although significant progress has been made in honey bee virus research in the last few decades (Reviewed in Chen and Siede, 2007 [7], investigation into virus ... tissues of bees with normal wings; × 102 times more in the hemolymph, 103 times more in the wings, 90 times more in the legs, 29.8 times more in the head, 1.8 × 103 times more in the thorax, ... antigenome in vivo using the honey bee as a model This permitted the specific identification of an important honey bee virus (DWV) replication sites in the honey bee body and it's quantification The...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2015, 08:30

... expressing CCR1, CCR2 or CCR5 mRNA within and around inflammatory foci in the spinal cord of rats with EAE, thus identifying potential determinants for trafficking of these cells to the CNS These findings ... immunization) of EAE show extensive inflammation involving the white and grey matter (D), with marked demyelination in the inflammatory areas (F) The majority of the infiltrating inflammatory cells are macrophages, ... rats in the acute phase (day 13) revealed marked inflammatory lesions in the white and grey matter of the spinal cord (Fig 3D) Within the inflammatory infiltrates, numerous actively phagocytosing...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... treatment, there was a 2.5-fold increase in apoptosis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and a 4-fold increase in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DG) The increased cell death persisted in the SVZ ... F4/80 staining was markedly increased at day in one of the ten mice treated with 5-FU (Figure 11a,b) In this animal, there was diffuse microglial activation throughout the brain, including the primary ... 5c,d) As >90% of the BrdU+ cells in the CC were Olig2+, these results indicate that the reduction in DNA synthesis observed in this tissue predominantly affected O-2A/OPCs [97,98,101] In contrast...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 18:21

... single positive-staining bacteria were found in the neuronal processes Both nNOS and iNOS immunoreactivity were found in a proportion of the neurons in the brainstem and the staining pattern was ... and iNOS in neurons increased when bacterial encephalitis occurred This is the first study of NOS expression in the goat brain with listeriosis The involvement of iNOS in bovine and caprine listeriosis ... observed in inflammatory microabscesses Counterstained with hematoxylin Magnification: ×132 C: Immunohistochemical staining of inducible NOS in the caprine brain with natural listeriosis shows that iNOS...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:23

... nanoparticles will interact with the proteins present in the biological system, i.e the material surrounding the nanoparticles are proteins present in the nervous system of the cockroach Discussion The results ... by the nAuNPs The XPS was used to verify the presence of nAuNPs embedded in the brain tissue The confocal microscope and TEM were used to gain insights into the interaction of nAuNPs and the insect’s ... vibration in the building Although proteins not break into ions, introducing charged particles into the nervous system causes an imbalance in the signal transmission that links to the insect’s locomotion...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:22

... but not in the surrounding edema Although the morphologic findings of the supratentorial mass on conventional MRI were consistent with meningioma, the occurrence of the extensive edema and the MR ... metastasis in the left inguinal region Thereafter, FDG-PET showed total regression of the FDG uptake in the lymph nodes, which previously had shown increased uptake A planned MRI of the brain about ... radiation therapy against the intraspinal tumors was not possible The patient died two weeks after the detection of the intraspinal tumors At autopsy, lung metastases were found, but there was...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 03:20

... thezebrafish brain miR-181a providingthe the zebrafishbrain miR-153a usedfiguresinthe zebrafishnucleic miR-138 testother inthedpf information acid miR-137 expressionininthezebrafish brain about miR-135cexpressionthespecificity ... miRNAs1expressed in proliferating and/or differentiating cells in the developing and adult zebrafish brain miRNAs expressed in proliferating and/or differentiating cells in the developing and adult ... bottom right, in situ staining is in blue and cell nuclei are visualized with nuclear red counterstaining Abbreviations used in the Results section of the text are denoted in black For other abbreviations,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:20

... like tau is involved in microtubule assembly It serves as a binding for the tubulin Mutations in α-synuclein lead to loss of this binding ability, resulting in tubulin and α-synuclein aggregation ... interaction of glutamate with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is important in the workings of memory and learning In AD an increase in glutamate activity results in NMDA receptor being ... enhancing the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and up-regulating cystine transport The upregulation in gammaglutamylcysteine synthetase activity facilitates the redistribution of GSH into...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 08:17

... μl of the complexes containing μg DNA was used in each injection The rate of injection was μl/min and the needle was allowed to remain in situ for mins before being slowly retracted at the end ... remain at large in terms of choosing appropriate MW PEIs and biodegradable linkages as well as designing the degree of cross-linking, the particle size and the surface charge of the resulting ... gene therapy by increasing the expression of the transgene In addition, with their intrinsic anti-tumor activities, HDAC inhibitors also have the advantage to kill tumor cells more effectively in...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 10:15

... constituent instead of sphingomyelin (PE-cer has phosphoethanolamine as the head group, instead of the phosphocholine head group in SM) [32] Despite having shorter fatty acyl chains (the longest being ... be studied using FCS These intensity fluctuations contain information which can be extracted by analysing the rates and the amplitudes of the intensity fluctuations and subjecting them to an autocorrelation ... is the convergence value of G (τ ) at long delay times and should be 1, indicating that the correlation between the initial and the variable value at infinite 15 time has been lost Introducing...

Ngày tải lên: 12/10/2015, 17:36

... protein for many people living in the sampling watershed However, at the same time, levels of contaminants in fish are of considerable interest because of the potential effects on the fish themselves ... Technology, Vol 6, No.2, 2008 The average water flow during the rainy season in the Kahayan River is 400 m3/s and that in the Rungan is 165 m3/s During the dry season, the respective flows are 55 ... units of gold mining equipment were being used in the Kahayan watershed and 200 units in the Rungan watershed (Yamada, et al., 2005) The two rivers have been contaminated by log cutting and by soil...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 09:38

... charge profile, but also in the conformation of the molecule resulting from glycation of the charged arginine ⁄ lysine side-chain residues The fact that arginine ⁄ lysine residues are targets ... significantly increased with increasing age (27-month-old rats) Among the glycated proteins, trails of isoforms appeared, in agreement with modifications targeting the basic amino acids arginine and lysine, ... enzyme at the interface between the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles, indicating the interference of matrix enzymes in mitochondrial impairment function with aging in Table 1, there was...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 06:20

... Malignant brain tumors in the temporal, frontal, parietal lobes and overlapping lesions of the brain were the most common locations in the brain Malignant tumors in cerebrum and tumors in the occipital ... show the distinct difference between the two types of cancer even though they both affect the central nervous system; therefore, brain cancer and other CNS cancer were analyzed separately For the ... other CNS cancer, the spine was the most common primary site (53.9% of total), followed by the brain (41.3% of total) and other (4.8% of total) Other CNS cancers in the brain (malignant meningiomas)...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 17:20

... militia of industry, repaying war debt, restoring the value of the the American colonies had currency, and lowering inflation defeated the army of one of the greatest nations in the Proposing a Solution ... William, in Detroit, then an outpost on the financial institution materialized in the form of the Bank western frontier The Macomb brothers prospered further of the United States Hamilton died in 1804, ... during the war increased interest When the First Bank opened, the country had only three other banks In contrast, there were 101 state banks in the country when the First Bank’s charter expired in...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 21:20

... represent the coding region and the noncoding regions of the planarian PHM cDNA, respectively; whereas the two flanking broad lines outside indicate the k ZAP II vector The two gray boxes in the planarian ... with the first ATG in the open reading frame The translation termination codon is indicated by an asterisk The sequence obtained by the first degenerate PCR is singly underlined, whereas the sequences ... animals by the time of the emergence of the Plathelminthes in the evolutionary history The eye of the planarian is one of the most ancestral and primitive types of visual systems in animals and is...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 15:20

... vivo The lowering of in vitro GlcNAc-PI synthetic activity upon introduction of the C301A mutation into Gpi3p may mimic the observed in vitro inactivation of GlcNAc-PI synthesis by alkylating ... by replacing 88% of the coding region of one gpi3+ allele in a wild-type diploid strain with the ura4+ gene The resulting heterozygous diploid was induced to sporulate, and the sporulating diploid ... function [8,21], but mutations in the EX7E Glu residues were not examined in these studies Gpi3 proteins all contain a cysteine four residues C-terminal to the second EX7E glutamate Because of its...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 20:20

... help in cultivation technique training, food processing, storage, the maintenance of planting material training In Bacgiang province, 67100% of farmers needed to get help in these trainings In ... Others 67 100 100 - - - 100 100 100 techniques Training in product processing Training in storage techniques Training in maintenance of planting materials Note: GL = Giolinh district; VL= Vinhlinh ... irreplaceable in the cropping systems • Sweet potato is planted in as a spring crop in Quangtri, mainly as a winter crop in Thanhhoa and as a winter and spring crop in Bacgiang • Farmers in all investigated...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 04:20

... province: - Nguyen Binh ward in Tinh Gia town - Quang Luu in Quang Xuong town - Dong Thanh ward in Dong Son town In Quang Tri province - Vinh Thai ward in Vinh Linh town - Gio Hai ward in Gio Linh ... digestion In addition, the farmers in Quang Tri found that the ingredients were simple and the processing process was comprehensively described to be applied Therefore the households of the project in ... in the spring and winter season, growers have fresh vine-leaves and roots to prepare the livestock feed Cut or slice roots to the same size of the cereal grain by hand or by the cutter If using...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... levels of nervous integration The major monoamine-containing neurons of the brain (see below) are found here Together, these regions represent the points of central integration for coordination ... attracted to the brain during periods of inflammation following either microbial infection or other postinjury inflammatory reactions The response of the brain to inflammation differs strikingly from ... Disorders) Norepinephrine There are relatively large amounts of norepinephrine within the hypothalamus and in certain zones of the limbic system, such as the central nucleus of the amygdala and the dentate...

Ngày tải lên: 12/07/2014, 20:21