generalized phrase structure grammars head grammars and natural language

... Geoffrey K. and Gerald Gazdar. 1982. Natural languages and context-free languages. Linguistics and phitos.ophy 4. Sag, Ivan A. 1982. "Coordination, Extraction, and Generalized Phrase Structure ... sense of formal language theory. This makes the extensive mathematical literature on context-free phrase structure grammars (CF-PSG's) directly relevant to the enterprise, and permits utilization ... Bach, Emmon and Robert Harms. Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Filman, Robert E., John Lamping, and Fanya Nlontalvo. 1982. "Metalanguage and Metareasoning."...

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... Abstract Phrase- structure grammars are an effective rep- resentation for important syntactic and semantic aspects of natural languages, but are computa- tionally too demanding for use as language ... mations for context-free grammars and equivalent augmented phrase- structure grammar formalisms. The approximation is exact for certain context- free grammars generating regular languages, in- cluding ... rules, are states 0, 3 and 4. For instance, the reduction at state 4 would lead to a transition on nonter- 247 FINITE-STATE APPROXIMATION OF PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMARS Fernando C. N. Pereira...

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... Issue • Government Debt and Asset Management Services • Central Banking Services • Monetary Policy Copyright  2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 15 - 1 Chapter 15 The Structure of Central Banking and the Bank ... a year) the Monetary Policy Report and the Update to the Monetary Policy Report • Has increased the number of press conferences/releases and speeches, and reorganized its regional offices, ... pensioners and those on fixed incomes. Copyright  2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 15 - 3 Origins of The Bank of Canada II Copyright  2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 15 - 15 Structure and Independence...

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... work on conver- sion to phrase structure, from dependencies (Xia and Palmer, 2001; Xia et al., 2009) and from lexicalised formalisms, e.g. HPSG (Matsuzaki and Tsujii, 2008) and TAG (Chiang, 2000; ... 1.1%, and increases exact sentence match by over 11% (both absolute). Many of the remaining errors relate to missing and extra clause nodes and a range of rare structures, such as QPs, NACs, and ... – Converted CCG Clark and Curran (2007) 90.9 85.5 88.8 Fowler and Penn (2010) 90.9 86.0 89.3 Auli and Lopez (2011) 91.7 86.2 89.5 Native PTB Klein and Manning (2003) 89.8 85.8 – Petrov and Klein (2007)...

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... Kidney (A and B) and skeletal muscle (C and D) from 3-week-old Lamb2 +/+ and ±/± littermates were stained with anti-b2 serum. In the control, basement membranes throughout the kidney and skeletal ... 549±559. Ó FEBS 2002 Laminin b1 and b2 chains (Eur. J. Biochem. 269) 441 Domain IV of mouse laminin b1 and b2 chains Structure, glycosaminoglycan modi®cation and immunochemical analysis of tissue contents Takako ... Germany). T he sense and antisense primers for b1 were GTCAGCTAGCTAACGAGGTGG AGTCCGGTTAC and GTCACTCGAGCTAAAGGCC CGTCTGGTGAATCAAG, respectively, and for b2GTC AGCTAGCCCGTCCCTGTGACTGTGATG and GTC ACTCGAGCTAGGCTTGACAGCCTGCAGGG, respectively....

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... understanding of the cognitive dynamics that shape and evolve natural language, perhaps the one useful natural language interface that migjat be de- veloped would allow individuals and groups ... ideal. Natural language is wordy (redun- dant) and imprecise. Most b,*m,m groups who have a need to communicate quickly and accurately tend to develop a rather well specified subset of natural language ... faces including menus, commands, self-defined commands and self progra,,m4ng of interfaces for individuals and groups. In addition to the standard message, confer- ence and notebook features,...

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... extension of the language- processlng and data access components that make it possible for an end user to query the new database in natural language. A major benefit of using natural language is ... as simplifying the general problem and where, on the other hand, transportability (and the way in which database systems typically structure information and view the world) makes things ... information about the files and fields in the conventlonal database for which a natural- language interface is desired. (Typlcally this database already exists and is populated, but TEAM...

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... PANEL NATURAL LANGUAGE AND DATABASES, AGAIN Karen Sparck Jones Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge Corn Exchange Street, Cambridge CB2 3QG, England INTRODUCTION Natural Language and ... environment for language processing research, because it is insufficiently demanding in its linguistic aspects and too idiosyncratically demanding in its non-linguistic ones; and to propose ... obvious problems of language and knowledge processing. But I believe that database query is reaching the end of its utility for fundamental research on natural language understanding, for two...

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... a natural language inter- face to include the programming environment is that if the interface were being developed in such an environment, one could use natural language to develop the natural ... raise include a greater need for some language production capability (where the ordinary database query system can get by with only language un- derstanding), and a greater need for some discourse ... interface of this kind, some dialogue between the user and the system would be useful, especially in cases where a request was too vague, and the system (like an expert system) could present...

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... the memory and linguistic components. In particular, the memory component must be able to predict a structure, to guide the parsing process, or to give a low rating to a partial structure which ... R. C. and Birnbaum. Memory, Meaning, and Syntax. Technical Report 189, Yale University, Department of Computer Science, 1980. Sehank, R. C. Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and Learning ... noun phrases modify (are functions of, to be more precise) verb phrases. But unlike Montague grammar we do not use iambda expressions to bind case elements. Instead we use special functors standing...

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