gaseous variable volume batch reactors

... control and fault diagnosis for batch 1.5 Control of Batch Reactors reactors are developed In fact, this chapter discusses the thermal and chemical stability of batch reactors, thus introducing the ... 148 152 155 155 Applications to Nonideal Reactors 7.1 Nonideal Batch Reactors 7.2 Nonideal Mixing 7.3 Multiphase Batch Reactors 7.4 Scaling-up the Information ... reaction volumes, dV , behaving as differential batch reactors, since they remain in the reactor for a residence (or permanence) time tP = Vr /FV (where Vr is the reactor volume, and FV is the volumetric...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 10:59

... of SBR Volume Exchange Ratio and Discharge Time in Aerobic Granulation 69 Zhi-Wu Wang and Yu Liu Chapter Selection Pressure Theory for Aerobic Granulation in Sequencing Batch Reactors ... Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wastewater purification : aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors / editor, Yu Liu p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4200-5367-8 ... Wastewater Purification Aerobic Granulation in Sequencing Batch Reactors Edited by Yu Liu Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor &...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... airlift reactors Biotechnol Bioeng 62: 494–498 Alphenaar, P., Visser, A., and Lettinga, G 1993 The effect of liquid upward velocity and hydraulic retention time on granulation in UASB reactors ... sequencing batch biofilm reactor with granular biomass Environ Sci Technol 39: 889–894 Gjaltema, A., van Loosdrecht, M C M., and Heijnen, J J 1997 Abrasion of suspended biofilm pellets in airlift reactors: ... of 0.3 cm s–1 during a time period of about weeks, while aerobic granulation was observed in the reactors operated at SUAVs of 1.2, 2.6, and 3.6 cm s–1, respectively However, aerobic granules formed...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... formation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors Biotechnol Bioeng 49: 229–246 Shizas, L and Bagley, D M 2002 Improving anaerobic sequencing batch reactor performance by modifying operational ... F., and Liu, Y 2002 Hydraulic selection pressure-induced nitrifying granulation in sequencing batch reactors Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59: 332–337 Wang, F., Yang, F L., Zhang, X W., Liu, Y H., ... M., and Zhou, J 2005 Effects of cycle time on properties of aerobic granules in sequencing batch airlift reactors World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21: 1379–1384 Wilschut, J and Hoekstra, D 1984 Membrane...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... time on aerobic granulation in four column reactors, namely R1, R2, R3, and R4, each with a working volume of 2.5 liters, which were operated in sequencing batch mode (figure 4.1) R1 to R4 were run ... for different reactors are shown in table 4.1 Effluent was discharged at the middle point of each SBR, which gives a volume exchange ratio of 50% The sequential operation of the reactors was automatically ... granulation in sequencing batch reactor Biochem Eng J 21: 47–52 Qin, L., Liu, Y., and Tay, J H 2004b Selection pressure is a driving force of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors Process Biochem...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... namely SBR volume exchange ratio and discharge time 5.2 THE ROLE OF SBR VOLUME EXCHANGE RATIO IN AEROBIC GRANULATION According to figure 5.1, the mixed liquor volume exchange ratio, or volume exchange ... volume exchange ratio for short, is the volume of effluent that is withdrawn after a preset settling time divided by the total working volume of a column SBR: Volume exchange ratio (5.1) in which ... operation at different volume exchange ratios is shown in figure 5.2 Morphologies of aerobic granules formed in four reactors appeared to be closely correlated with the applied volume exchange ratio;...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... phosphorusaccumulating microbial granules in sequencing batch reactors Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 62: 430–435 Liu, Q S 2003 Aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor Ph.D thesis, Nanyang Technological ... granulation in sequencing batch reactors Process Biochem 39: 579–584 Qin, L., Liu, Y., and Tay, J H 2004b Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor Biochem Eng ... is, the volume of mixed liquor above the discharge port is withdrawn immediately at the end of the preset settling time As shown in figure 6.3, for an SBR with a given diameter, the volume exchange...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... DIFFERENT ORGANIC LOADING RATES The formation of aerobic granules was demonstrated in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) supplied with different organic loading rates, from 1.5 to 9.0 kg COD m–3 d–1 ... an aerobic granule-based sequencing batch reactor Biochem Eng J 25: 201–207 Su, K Z and Yu, H Q 2006 A generalized model for aerobic granule-based sequencing batch reactor I Model development Environ ... Q S., Tay, J H., and Liu, Y 2004 Growth kinetics of aerobic granules developed in sequencing batch reactors Lett Appl Microbiol 38: 106–112 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2008 by Taylor...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... batch airlift reactor Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 82–92 Beun, J J., Hendriks, A., van Loosdrecht, M C M., Morgenroth, E., Wilderer, P A., and Heijnen, J J 1999 Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch ... Q S., Tay, J H., and Liu, Y 2004 Growth kinetics of aerobic granules developed in sequencing batch reactors Lett Appl Microbiol 38: 106–112 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2008 by Taylor ... radius of 0.1 to 1.0 mm, and figure 8.10 shows the bulk substrate concentration profiles in the reactors containing bioparticles with different sizes It can be seen in figure 8.10 that the simulation...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... and Tay, J H 2004 Selection pressure is a driving force of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors Process Biochem 39: 579–584 Quarmby, J and Forster, C F 1995 An examination of the structure ... and Fe are the phenanthrene concentration in the control and the sample, respectively, V is the volume from which the concentration was measured, and X is the total dry biomass used in the hydrophobicity ... hydrophobicity may trigger and initiate aerobic granulation As the seed sludge used to inoculate bioreactors often has a very low cell surface hydrophobicity, high cell surface hydrophobicity reported...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... loading rate, hydraulic retention time, hydrodynamic shear force, settling time in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), feast-famine regimen in SBRs, culture temperature, etc., may stimulate bacteria ... Cai, W 2006 Effects of extracellular polymeric substances on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors Chemosphere 63: 1728–1735 Yang, S F., Tay, J H., and Liu, Y 2004 Inhibition of free ... et al (2006) reported that the main component of EPS in aerobic granular biomass in a sequencing batch biofilter reactor was made of proteins, and proteinrich EPS would improve the stability of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... respectively Nevertheless, the total porous zones decreased with increasing granule diameter, on a unit volume basis (J H Tay et al 2003) The zigzag pore channel was found to wind through the granule...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... the batch culture of prestarved aerobic granules as users To confirm such an observation, the EPS extracted from the starved aerobic granules were fed, as the sole carbon source, to the batch ... Cai, W 2006 Effects of extracellular polymeric substances on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors Chemosphere 63: 1728–1735 Zhang, X Q and Bishop, P L 2003 Biodegradability of biofilm ... starved aerobic granules, and the extracted EPS, as the sole carbon source, was then fed to the batch culture of prestarved aerobic granules Such an experimental design can minimize the interference...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... 2001) Jiang et al (2003) studied the effect of calcium on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) For this purpose, two SBRs were operated at the respective Ca2+ concentrations ... sludge blanket (UASB) reactors fed with aero and 100 mg Ca2+ L –1, respectively Similar to the results shown in figure 13.1, successful anaerobic granulation was achieved in both reactors, indicating ... granules with a specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of 64 mg O2 g–1 volatile solids (VS) h–1; sludge volume index (SVI) of 52 mL g–1, and a mean diameter of 1.4 mm were used for the above-mentioned...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... Cai, W 2006 Effects of extracellular polymeric substances on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors Chemosphere 63: 1728–1735 Wang, Z.-W., Liu, Y., and Tay, J.-H 2005 Distribution of EPS ... This point indeed is confirmed by the results presented in figure 14.8, showing a lower sludge volume index (SVI) at higher cell surface hydrophobicity In a parallel study, Q.-S Liu (2003) found ... 180 SVI (mL g–1) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 40 50 60 70 80 90 Hydrophobicity (%) FIGURE 14.8 Sludge volume index (SVI) versus cell surface hydrophobicity in an SBR (From Liu, Q.-S 2003 Ph.D thesis,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors Chemosphere 63: 1728–1735 Wang, Z.-W 2007 Insights into mechanism of aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor Ph.D thesis, Nanyang Technological ... 2003 Development and characteristics of phosphorusaccumulating microbial granules in sequencing batch reactors Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 62: 430–435 Liu, L L., Wang, Z., Yao, J., Sun, X., and Cai, ... different substrates on the formation and characteristics of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors J Environ Sci (China) 18: 864–871 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2008 by Taylor...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... slow-growing nitrifying bacteria J Biotechnol 108: 161–169 Liu, Y Q and Tay, J H 2006 Variable aeration in sequencing batch reactor with aerobic granular sludge J Biotechnol 124: 338–346 Moreau, M., ... and more compact structure As can be seen in figure 16.6, both specific gravity and the sludge volume index (SVI) of aerobic granules are closely correlated to the cell surface hydrophobicity, ... polymers are available for microbial use Y Q Liu and Tay (2006) looked into the possibility of variable aeration in an aerobic granular sludge SBR, and they found that after the aeration rate...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... blanket reactors Environ Technol 23: 931–936 Tay, J H., Liu, Q.-S., and Liu, Y 2004 The effect of upflow air velocity on the structure of aerobic granules cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor ... SBRs at steady state can likely be attributed to different shear and detachment forces in the two reactors Figure 17.4 shows that more biomass was retained in the bottom half of the laboratory-scale ... concentration tended to gradually increase to 6.5 g L –1 in the first weeks of operation in both reactors A drop in biomass concentration was observed in the period of day 30 © 2008 by Taylor &...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 85(1), 185-195 Fan, C., He, J., 2011 Proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes in microbial consortia of sequencing batch reactors ... 20 Fig 2.2 Origins and dissemination of antibiotics in the environment 22 Fig 3.1 Batch mode of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) 49 Fig 3.2 180-day daily effluents of R1 (ERY-H2O of 50 µg/L), R2 ... INFLUENCE OF TRACE ERYTHROMYCIN AND ERYTHROMYCIN-H2O ON MICROBIAL CONSORTIA IN SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS (SBRS) FAN CAIAN A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 15:51

... activity or volume Variable costs: On a per-unit basis, variable costs are assumed to remain constant Therefore, total variable costs fluctuate in direct proportion to level of activity or volume ... goods sold, under variable costing, is more appropriately called variable cost of goods sold (VCGS), because it is composed only of variable production costs Sales (S) minus variable cost of goods ... volume Note that assumed variable cost behavior is the same as assumed revenue behavior Variable production costs include direct material, direct labor, and variable overhead; variable selling costs...

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 09:09