gapping in categorial grammar

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 05:21

... be bounded by partially linear indexed grammar. 1 Introduction Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG, Steed- man (2000)) is a prominent categorial grammar framework. Having a strong degree of lexical- ism ... exten- sion of linear indexed grammars. In In Proceedings of the 7th European Chapter of ACL Conference. Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Man- darin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: ... power grows after incorporating the memory mechanism. Outline: I introduce CCG in §2, and then mo- tivate the need of memory mechanism in dealing with serial verb construction in CCG in § 3. I de- scribe...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... Categorial Grammar. In Haddock, N.J., Klein, E. and Morril, G. (eds.) Edinburgh Working Papers in Cognitive Science, Volume 1: Categorial Grammar, Unification Grammar and Parsing. Appendix ... (1986) Categorial Unification Grammars. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computatinoal Linguistics, ... using the above definitions, as the resulting semantic structure contains information introduced by the determiner. On the other hand, a lexical NP such as Harry will bind a variable in...

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 01:20

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 02:20

... motivation in teaching and learning grammar. - to prove the application of grammar games brings many practical benefits in teaching and learning grammar in particular, and English in general. - ... Recommendations In order to achieve effective results in teaching and learning English in general, English grammar in particular and make easy the process of using games in teaching grammar, it ... teaching grammar There is an interesting movement towards teaching grammar with games. It creates students’ motivation in learning English, especially English grammar. Just imagine when coming...

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Ngày tải lên: 07/09/2013, 13:45

Ngày tải lên: 07/09/2013, 13:48

... in This does not always have a negative meaning – often it gives the idea of inside or into,e.g. internal, insert, income .  Verb prefixes: un- and dis These prefixes have two meanings. ... order to convey my points clearly to the reader? 66 Grammar Six excellent career fields within mechanical engineering technology are heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC); mechanical ... their English equivalents. abbreviation Latin words in full meaning AD anno Domini since the birth of Christ a.m. ante meridiem in the morning BC before Christ c. or ca. circa...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 20:20

Ngày tải lên: 16/12/2013, 15:42

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 10:03

... derivations. Included in this class of strongly context-free CCGs are a grammar including all the derivations in CCGbank and the grammar used in the Clark and Curran parser. Due to this insight, we investigate ... 23 sentences that receive an analysis from both parsers. Training Time Parsing Time Training RAM Parser in CPU minutes in CPU minutes in gigabytes Clark and Curran Normal Form Model 1152 2 28 Clark ... results in supertagging ac- curacy, PARSEVAL measures and depen- dency accuracy. 1 Introduction Combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) is a vari- ant of categorial grammar which has attracted in- terest...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... is concerned with learning cat- egorial grammars in Gold’s model. In contrast to k-valued classical categorial grammars, k-valued Lambek grammars are not learnable from strings. This re- sult was ... difficulty of learn- ing categorial grammars from strings and the need for an adequate structure on ex- amples. 1 Introduction Categorial grammars (Bar-Hillel, 1953) and Lam- bek grammars (Lambek, ... (strings) and linguistic unreal- istic structures (full proof tree structures) remains an interesting challenge. References E. Aarts and K. Trautwein. 1995. Non-associative Lam- bek categorial grammar...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 16:20

... constrained for English.) One very general constraint, excluding all combinations with or into NP, is included in the program, in order to force type-raising and exemplify the way in which ... string positions, s Next the combinatory rule (19) applies, to unify the argument term of the function with the real argument, binding the remain- ing positional variables including the distinguished ... 'An Introduction to Unification Categorial Gram- mar', in N. Haddock et al. (eds.), Edinburgh Working Papers in Cognitive Science, 1: Catego- rial Grammar, Unification Grammar, ...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 21:20

... Building a lin- guistically interpreted corpus of bulgarian: the bul- treebank. In Proc. LREC. N. Smith and J. Eisner. 2006. Annealing structural bias in multilingual weighted grammar induction. In Proc. ... Learning Approaches In our experiments, we compare PR learning to standard expectation maximization (EM) and to Bayesian learning with a sparsity-inducing prior. The EM algorithm optimizes marginal ... and posterior constraints. In Proc. NIPS. W.P. Headden III, M. Johnson, and D. McClosky. 2009. Improving unsupervised dependency pars- ing with richer contexts and smoothing. In Proc. NAACL. M....

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... string, b → string, c → string, d → string}  L =  {S → string, S  → string, S  → string}, {A → λf. f (λx. x), B → λx. λg. a + g (b + x + c) + d, C → λx. x}  One of the keystones in ... approach in which linear logic is used as a glue language for assembling meanings. Their approach is more in the tradition of logic pro- gramming. The grammatical framework introduced in the previous ... bit more involved. For instance, it is necessary to triplicate the non-terminal symbols in order to distinguish the initial trees from the auxiliary trees. We do not have enough room in this paper...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:20

... non-deterministic we will finish with a set of maximal consistent subsets. Each of these subsets can be converted directly into ALE terms using ALE's built -in predicate add_to/5. The re- sulting ... be identified as a parallel element. DSP indicate parallel elements in the source by means of underlines as shown in (16). An underlined ele- ment in the source is termed a 'primary occur- ... intended analysis. 2 An ALE Discourse Grammar For our initial exploration into using ALE for dis- course grammars we have developed a small dis- course grammar whose lexical items are complete...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... eliminating spurious ambiguity from the form of Com- binatory Categorial Grammars that are actually used during parsing. It involves deriving a new set of combinators, termed predictive combinators, ... Uszkoreit, H. 1986. Categorial Unification Grammars. In Proceedings of Coling 1986, pp. 187-194. Wittenburg, K. 1985a. Natural Language Parsing with Combinatory Categorial Grammars in a Graph- Unification-Based ... both these rules working in the case of right-node-raising shown in (12). It is assumed here, as in Steedman (1985), that the conjunction category involves finding like bindings for category...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 18:20

... parsing. In 26 th meeting Assoc. Corn- put. Ling., 1988. K. Vijay-Shanker and D. J. Weir. The recognition of Combinatory Categorial Grammars, Linear In- dexed Grammars, and Tree Adjoining ... Parsing spoken language using combinatory grammars.: In International Work- shop of Parsing Technologies, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989. M. J. Steedman. Dependency and coordination in the grammar ... ship to linear context-free rewriting systems. In 26 th meeting Assoc. Comput. Ling., 1988. K. B. Wittenburg. Predictive combinators: a method for efficient processing of combinatory categorial...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 18:20

... EFFICIENT INCREMENTAL PROCESSING WITH CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR Abstract Some problems are discussed that arise for incremental pro- cessing using certain flezible categorial grammars, which in- volve ... structural operators for categorial grammar& apos;. In EA CL-5, Berlin. Barry, G. and Morrill, G. 1990. (Eds). Studies in Categorlal Grammar. Edinburgh Working Papers in Cognitive Sci- ence, ... branching. These analyses have the property of des- ignating many of the initial substrings of sentences as interpretable constituents, providing for a style of processing in which the interpretation...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 08:20

... (1987) An Introduction to Unification Categorial Grammar. In N. Haddock et al. (eds.), Edinburgh Working Papers in Cognitive Science, 1: Categorial Grammar, Unification Grammar, and Pars- ing. ... coordination. In R. Oehrle et al, (eds.), Categorial Grammars and Natural Language Structures, Durdrecht, Reidel. (In press). Haddock, N. J. (1987) Incremental Interpretation and Combinatory Categorial ... Categorial Grammar. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artifi- cial Intelligence, Milan, Italy, August, 1987. Hinrichs, E. and Polanyi, L. (1986) Pointing the Way....

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 20:20