... visible inthe public universities They were affected either in terms of an absolute decline, or in terms of decline in investment expenditure or in terms of a decline in operating expenditure In Indonesia, ... periods ofeconomiccrisisThe IIEP launched a regional project inthe year 2000 to analyze the extent and nature of changes affecting the education sector duringthe period ofeconomiccrisisin these ... regarding the inflow of students due to the declining value ofthe won Due to thecrisis there was a sharp increase inthe number of foreign students studying in Malaysia Between 1996 and 1998 the...
... purchasing power of money and eliminate the undesired consequences ofthe “trade cycle.” He goes into more detail and explains more ofthe important points on which the monetary theory ofthe trade ... by the author to the printer in January 1923, more than eight months before the final breakdown ofthe German mark 1[Following the terminology of Carl Menger, Mises wrote here of changes inthe ... changes inthe purchasing power ofthe monetary unit However, if the principal of loans could be, and always were, repaid with sums representing the purchasing power originally borrowed, the lending...
... stop to the decline inthe foreign exchange value ofthe monetary unit III THE RETURN TO GOLD EMINENCE OF GOLD Inthe years preceding and duringthe war, the authors who prepared the way for the ... value ofthe monetary unit will decline more and 14 — The Causes oftheEconomicCrisis more, then the fate ofthe money is sealed Only the belief, that the inflation will come to a stop, maintains ... increase inthe number of notes in circulation However, the interest rate is then rising, not in spite of, but precisely on account of, the inflation If a halt to the inflation is not anticipated, the...
... ofthe naïve inflationists ofthe business world These criticisms will grow as the difficulties of providing credit for the German economy increase duringthe coming years Inthe view ofthe ... on the masses to pay the costs ofthe war Even in England, the printing presses were set in motion Inflation had the great advantage of creating an appearance ofeconomic well-being, of an increase ... market by prohibiting the hoarding of foreign moneys If the people mistrust the reliability ofthe value ofthe notes, they will seek to invest a portion of their cash holdings in foreign money...
... for pushing prices up by increasing the quantity of money In place 7[This is not the place to examine further the theory ofthe formation ofthe purchasing power ofthe monetary unit In this ... into the economy as money, either as coins in circulation or as bars or coins in bank reserves Should the increase inthe quantity of money exceed the increase inthe demand for money, then the ... then the purchasing power ofthe monetary unit must fall Likewise, if the increase inthe quantity of money lags behind the increase inthe demand for money, the purchasing power ofthe monetary...
... — The Causes oftheEconomicCrisisthe basis ofthe index number The social consequences ofthe uneven timing of price changes would, therefore, not be avoided because the unequal timing ofthe ... by the inflation, for they realize higher profits inthe beginning and yet they can still buy the commodities they need at lower prices, reflecting the previous stock of money So duringthe inflation ... employed in Germany, nor in other countries duringthe recent inflation Instead, the idea 21Irving Fisher, The Rate of Interest (New York, 1907), pp 77ff 84 — The Causes oftheEconomic Crisis...
... Since they are in excess ofthe given total quantity of money inthe narrower sense, they represent an increase inthe quantity of money inthe broader sense The practical significance of these ... School, the theory which traces the cause of changes in business conditions to the phenomenon of circulation credit All other theories ofthe crisis, even when they try to differ in other respects ... agriculture has faced since the rise of competition from the tilling of richer soil in Eastern Europe and overseas, or thecrisisofthe European cotton industry at the time ofthe American Civil...
... the change inthe conduct ofthe banks If we speak of error on the part ofthe banks, however, we must point to the wrong they in encouraging the upswing The fault lies, not with the policy of ... establishing rigid proportions for the issue of fiduciary media inthe form of notes and restricting the freedom of banks to issue fiduciary media inthe form of checking accounts The principle of ... goal THE MANIA FOR LOWER INTEREST RATES The naïve inflationist theory ofthe seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not stand up inthe long run against the criticism of economics Inthe nineteenth...
... considerations In fact, all their work rests on the groundwork ofthe Circulation Credit Theory In spite ofthe reluctance which exists today against logical reasoning in economics and against thinking ... advantage for them It involves them in no risk If confidence is shaken duringthe crisis, they can survive the critical stage with the aid ofthe bank of issue However, the bank of issue’s credit ... investing domestically obtained funds in short term funds abroad In this process, they are acting in opposition to the discount policy ofthe bank of issue and hurting the alleged interests of...
... standard ofthe masses, that accompanied the development of capitalism, is the 166 — The Causes oftheEconomicCrisis result ofthe rise in real wages which kept abreast ofthe increase in industrial ... up in Germany because ofthe rigidity of wage rates which, inthe mining of hard coal, come to 56 percent ofthe value of production.1 The domestic price of iron in Germany can remain above the ... lies at the root of this theory The Causes oftheEconomic Crisis: An Address — 161 According to the circulation credit theory (monetary theory ofthe trade cycle), cyclical changes in business...
... share in determining the amount of additional investment There is no means of fooling the public all ofthe time by tampering with the rate of interest Sooner or later, the public’s disapproval of ... slogan, then another is inscribed on their banners, depending on the temporary shift of prices desired If prices are going up, they crusade against the rising cost of living If prices are falling, they ... substitutes, of things which are taken and spent by the public inthe same way in which they deal with money proper It increases the buying power ofthe debtors The debtors enter the market of factors of...
... spin-offs diat increased the growth ofthe rest ofthe econo- Another indication ofthe slowing ofthe economy is diat following my In many cases, such as die use of computers and robots in factory ... help them make more and more money out ofthe growth ofthe financial system they promoted The environment created by the increasing role of finance (financialization) ofthe economy -the huge increases ... automobiles and theindustry is no longer the engine of , growth it once was Even ToyoU, the titan ofthe global car industry, is in trouble What will take the place ofthe automobile inthe early...
... function of increased DP9 expression may be to retain expressing cells inthe tumor and in sites of expression inthe injured liver It would be interesting to localize the DP9-expressing cells in tumors ... effect was independent of enzyme activity or the RGD motif Interestingly, even without STS treatment there were increases of about 20–25% inthe percentages of apoptotic cells inthe cell subpopulations ... Thus, the mechanisms of action probably involve protein–protein interactions, which most likely occur on the b-propeller domains of these proteins [25] No ligand of DP8 or DP9 has been reported The...
... antiserum against the FLAG tag at the N-terminus ofthe recombinant matn-3 V5: analysis using the antiserum against the V5 tag at the C-terminus ofthe recombinant protein Reducing conditions and the ... processing site of matn-1 To further test this hypothesis, we determined whether the presence ofthe inhibitors of matrix proteases affected the proteolytic processing of matn-1 The presence of mM ... absence ofthe vWF A domain adjacent to the coiled-coil is involved in modulating oligomeric formation of matrilins The vWF A domain is one ofthe most widely distributed domains involved in cell...
... contain an increment of value in profits to the owners of wealth It was duringthe Guild period that business came to value workmanship because it contained that increment In spite of business interest, ... education inthe United States is an illustration of this The ideas which we find there have not sprung from schools or colleges but from industryThe institution of industry, rather than the institution ... INDUSTRYTHE AMERICAN WAY III ADAPTING PEOPLE TO INDUSTRYTHE GERMAN WAY IV EDUCATIONAL INDUSTRY AND ASSOCIATED ENTERPRISE CREATIVE IMPULSE ININDUSTRY INTRODUCTION A friend of mine in describing the...
... endocytic compartment inthe absence of ofut1 activity Thus, these two models offer two different interpretations ofthe cellular basis ofthe ofut1 mutant phenotype: in model 1, the reason Notch ... activity In addition, the failure of Notch to localize at AJs in Gmd mutant cells is interpreted inthe light of a speculative model ofthe transcytosis of Notch to suggest that Ofut1 acts in a catalysis-dependent ... defects In addition, Ofut1 and Ofut1R275A both bind the NECD, and expression of Ofut1R275A in cultured cells can increase both the amount and the ligand-binding activity of secreted NECD [16]...
... finding ofthe mouse testis during postnatal development The testis at PND 48-120 showed an increase inthe height ofthe seminiferous epithelium and the defined lumens ofthe tubules including ... isotypes of inhibin inthe testis also increased The histological findings inthe sexual maturation of developing mouse testis are consistent with those of a Fig Immunofluorescent localization of inhibin ... gradual increase inthe expression of inhibin isotypes, α, βA and βB, inthe testis of mice during postnatal development Each inhibin isotype was localized differentially in testicular cells of the...
... Percentage of genes interactions Figure 10 to the translation state ofofthe main ORF versus the presence of uORFs Contribution ofthe lengthmRNAs Contribution ofthe length ofthe main ORF versus the ... consequence ofthe T-DNA insertion inthe 10th exon ofthe gene This result is consistent with the low level ofthe truncated eIF3h protein detected inthe eif3h-1 allele [19] The defects inthe eif3h-1 ... after termination ofthe uORF the ribosome resumes scanning until it encounters the main AUG codon Thereby the efficiency of re-initiation can control the efficiency of initiation at the main AUG...
... inextricably linked A key finding of this study is that disruption of one function of MgtE does not always eliminate the other In interpreting the results of these experiments, there are a couple of variables ... cytotoxicity ofthe bacteria in biofilms is one ofthe adaptations that allows them to persist Previous studies indicate that deletion ofthe gene encoding the protein MgtE from P aeruginosa increases the ... disruption of magnesium transport There are a total of seven proposed magnesium binding sites inthe MgtE monomer, one inthe transmembrane domain and six inthe cytosolic domain [34], and since they...
... where the focus of technology is the ordering ofthe relationship between the administration and the citizen, in setting the boundaries between the state and the market, and in ensuring of greater ... cited in examples of e -government failure in developing countries Soft, human issues that are not initially incorporated into the design ofthe egovernment project of result in undesirable affects ... states: “there are insufficient numbers of people in developing countries trained in appropriate technologies…training opportunities are also straining to meet needs” The low rates of literacy in developing...