first and second line drugs and drug resistance

... Not well standardized Can indicate and confirm emergence of antiviral resistance Wide variation in test sensitivities Direct marker and gold standard for HBV viral replication No gold standard among ... United States, and Central Africa; B and C predominate in Asia; D is associated with southern Europe, the Middle East, and India; E is uniquely African; and F is found in Central and South America ... virus to antiviral drugs: current aspects and directions for future investigation Antiviral Chem Chemother 2001;12:1-35 20 Zoulim F Assessing hepatitis B virus resistance in vitro and molecular mechanisms...

Ngày tải lên: 03/11/2012, 09:41

... occurring mutations found as sequence polymorphisms and in drug resistance, with wild-type and five drug- resistant mutant PRs: M46L, V82A, I84V and L90M mutations that appeared together with the ... sequence of HIV-1IIIB, while residues appearing only in drug resistance are in bold [9–13] Mutations underlined in the Figure also appeared in drug resistance on a particular natural sequence background, ... polymorphism (P), mutation appearing only in drug resistance (R, see Fig 1) If two mutations occurred and one of them was occurring only in drug resistance, the cleavage site was considered as...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 03:20

... occupancies of 0.6 and 0.4 and 0.8 and 0.2 for PR–p6pol-PR and PRV82A–p6pol-PR complexes, respectively As the p6pol-PR analog had 11 residues and extended out of the PR-binding pocket, both N- and C-terminal ... protease molecular dynamics of a wild-type and of the V82F ⁄ I84V mutant: possible contributions to drug resistance and a potential new target site for drugs Protein Sci 13, 1108–1123 30 Grzesiek ... p2-NC Ile 84 structures and mediate the interactions between the PR and the inhibitor One conserved water molecules lies between the flap region (Ile50 and 50¢) and P2 and P1¢ of the inhibitor,...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 20:20

... regulating proliferation and drug resistance The expression of P-glycoprotein, cyclin D1, p21 and p27 was detected in the gastric cancer cells using real-time PCR (Figure 3) and western blot (Figure ... cells in vitro and in vivo Down-regulation of miR-27a might reverse drug resistance of gastric cancer cells As shown in Table 1, the IC50 values of miR-27a antagomir cells for VCR, ADR and 5-flu were ... survival and angiogenesis [6-11] In this study, we have firstly found that miR-27a might play important roles in mediating proliferation and drug resistance of gastric cancer To obtain a better model...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:21

... acquisition of the K65R and K65R/M184V mutations are also valid in HIV-1 subtype C RT The same TFV resistance mechanisms exist in both subtypes B and C, and both impaired discrimination and excision determine ... WT and mutant enzymes Reactions were performed using μM dNTPs, and ddATP was employed in place of dATP to give rise to a six-nucleotide initiation product ddATP-terminated +6 product and +3 and ... obtained with subtype B RT WT and K65R and K65R+M184V mutant RTs (data not shown) Relative binding/incorporation of dATP and TFV-DP by subtype C RT enzymes One mechanism of resistance to NRTI is decreased...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:21

... Although better use of first- line drugs can delay failure and improve second- line outcomes, the need for secondline paediatric ART in LMICs will continue to grow The TApHOD and IeDEA Journal of ... HIV/ART Care Guideline Group Meeting Geneva 2008 doi:10.1186/1758-2652-14-7 Cite this article as: and : A biregional survey and review of first- line treatment failure and second- line paediatric ... children were on second- line ART at the time of data transfer Asian children were on second- line ART for longer periods and were older at the time of switch African children on second- line ART were...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... access and use in Asia and southern Africa J Int AIDS Soc 2011, 14(1):7 doi:10.1186/1758-2652-14-17 Cite this article as: and : A biregional survey and review of first- line treatment failure and second- line ... (TApHOD), and The International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Southern Africa Paediatric Group: A biregional survey and review of first- line treatment failure and second- line paediatric ... and Journal of the International AIDS Society 2011, 14:17 http://www.jiasociety.org/content/14/1/17 Page of Table First- and second- line antiretroviral therapy regimens in use in TREAT Asia and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... are essential to the acquisition of drugs and biologicals for CBW defense: licensing drugs and biologics for military uses, especially CBW defense; using drugs and biologics classified by FDA as ... Acquisition of Drugs and Biologics for CBW Defense product development and licensing process Second, DoD is not well organized or budgeted to take drugs and vaccines through the lengthy, costly, and uncertain ... monitoring and reporting of the use of such drugs, information about shipment and storage of drugs, disposition of unused IND drugs, and submission of annual and other reports In 1993–1994, the military...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 11:20

... incoming drugs before they reach the cytoplasm and at a transient high local concentration Moreover, in the latter case, Pgp is expected to handle incoming drugs more efficiently compared to drugs ... only transports a variety of drugs conjugated to glutathione, sulfate or glucuronate, as well as anionic drugs and dyes, but also neutral ⁄ basic amphipathic drugs and even oxyanions Previously, ... By contrast, in the case where drug concentrations in the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic leaflet are in equilibrium, Pgp is expected to treat incoming drugs and drugs already present within the...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 08:20

... and the CDF FC (r) of the capacity C(t) of N ∗Nakagami-m channels are presented in Figures and 3, respectively Also, the approximation results obtained in (23) and (24) are shown in Figures and ... into the influence of the number of hops and the severity of fading on the instantaneous channel capacity, and hence they are very useful for the design and performance analysis of multihop communication ... relays can generally be classified into two types, namely amplify -and- forward (or non-regenerative) relays [9, 10] and decode -and- forward (or regenerative) relays [9, 11] The relay nodes in multihop...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... then Ꮿ J1 = y : J1 −→ R : y and y ∆ are continuous on J1 , + + Ꮿ J2 = y : J2 −→ R : y and y ∆ are continuous on J2 and y t1 and y ∆ t1 exist , A = y : J −→ R : y1 ∈ Ꮿ J1 and y2 ∈ Ꮿ J2 (3.7) For ... p 0,u(0) − p 0,un (0) (2.23) Now take limn→∞ and apply the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem and the continuity of g in its second variable and of p to conclude lim Gun (t) − Gu(t) = (2.24) ... introduce the concept of lower and upper solutions of problem (3.1)–(3.5) as follows F M Atici and D C Biles 127 Definition 3.1 The functions α and β are, respectively, a lower and an upper solution of...

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 00:20

... of Biomedical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, UK) Drug resistance analysis The edited sequences were submitted to Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database and drug resistance mutation ... AIDS Research and Therapy 2008, 5:13 antiretroviral drug resistance in different geographical regions The aim of the present study was to report the baseline prevalence of primary and secondary mutations ... PR and RT that are associated with antiretroviral drug resistance in treatment-naive pregnant women living in Kagera and Kilimanjaro regions in Tanzania before extensive use of antiretroviral drugs...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... mutations against drugs from different drug classes and/ or the presence of broad cross -resistance mutations will jeopardize the effectiveness of the NRTI backbone of second- line regimens that ... distribution and uptake of first- and second- line regimens AIDS 2007, 21(Suppl 4):S89-95 Tam LW, Hogg RS, Yip B, Montaner JS, Harrigan PR, Brumme CJ: Performance of a World Health Organization first- line ... out molecular work and sequence analysis and prepared the manuscript SL and CV assisted in designing the study and drafting the manuscript KD and JR performed viral loads and genotyping KM supervised...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... neurorrhaphy, been and 7:grafts loopedinferior trunk,cord; 9: and of closed nerveof beneath area;claviclemedial 2: another nervegroove; 3: looplateral and posteriorandinto andmedial graftsandgraftone ... the superior and middle trunks and lateral and posterior cords and another nerve graft was looped through the inferior trunk, medial cord and medial root of median nerve In Cases and (C5,6 ruptures ... avulsions and using the principle of closed loop of end-to-side side-to-side grafting neurorrhaphy, one nerve graft is looped through the superior and middle trunks and lateral and posterior cords and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:20

... Nooter K: RNA expression of breast cancer resistance protein, lung resistance- related protein, multidrug resistance- associated proteins and 2, and multidrug resistance gene in breast cancer: correlation ... CT and TT) and alleles (C and T) with patient’s baseline characteristics including patient’s age, gender, specimen histology, stage of the disease and presence or absence of B-symptoms (Table and ... http://www.jeccr.com/content/30/1/68 The multi -drug resistance (MDR) protein is a transporter that plays a primary role in drug resistance by affecting drug transport to cancer cells MDR1 protein,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:21

... the magnitude of drug resistance observed in a phenotypic drug susceptibility assay [32] Analysis of susceptibilities of patient-derived RTs to the CHAP2 second- line NRTIs ddI and ABC showed a ... Antiretroviral drugs The NRTIs ABC, AZT, ddI, emtricitabine (FTC), 3TC and d4T; and the NNRTIs efavirenz (EFV), etravirine (ETV), and NVP were obtained from the NIH AIDS Research and Reference ... this study were initiated on first- line cART of 3TC/d4T/NVP (adult Triomune30) and, following immunological or clinical failure, were switched to a fixed second- line therapy of Abacavir (ABC)/ddI/Kaletra...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 01:20

... was not just drug- resistance, but full drugdependence The mutants selected in this study provided the first evidence that mutations in the Gag protein can confer resistance to CsA, and that these ... that drug- resistant variants with a single resistance mutation had diminished replication capacity and second- site compensatory mutations were able to rescue virus replication Thus, the first resistance ... gp120 and gp41 subunits and a close-up of the gp41 ectodomain Figure (A) Schematic of gp160, the gp120 and gp41 subunits and a close-up of the gp41 ectodomain Indicated are the positions and amino...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... patient-days; 1&2GC, first- generation and second- generation cephalosporins; 3&4GC, third-generation and fourth-generation cephalosporins P value for the linear regression coefficient and trend (increase, ... burden of resistance increased dramatically for 3GC-resistant E coli and K pneumoniae over years, but not for MRSA; and that our data demonstrate the dangerous spiral of spread of resistance and antibiotic ... hospital setting and consumption often runs in parallel to the pattern seen for resistance The goal of the present study is to give an overview of changes in antibiotic consumption and resistance in...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 20:22

... 13q21-qtel and 17ptel-17p11.2 However, there were also notable differences between tumors and cell lines Specifically, cell lines showed a higher frequency of losses on chromosomes 9, 18 and X, and ... both tumors and cell lines were 1q21.1-qtel, 5ptel5p13.3, 8p12-8q24.3, 17q12, 17q21-17q25.1 and 20q11-qtel Chromosomal regions that were most commonly lost in both tumors and cell lines were 8ptel-8p12, ... patients: 22 LNand four LN+ in the low-GII subgroup relative to 98 LNand 47 LN+, Fisher p = 0.10, when considering all samples; and 13 LN- and LN+ in the low-GII subgroup relative to 25 LN- and 18 LN+,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:20

... to prevent drugs from being out of stock 4.2 Identify HIV drug resistances among patient receiving first line ART 4.2.1 HIV drug resistance at ART initiation 4.2.1.1 Pre-ART HIV drug resistance ... of drug resistance HIV or past ART This result was in accordance with low transmitted HIV drug resistance in Vietnam 4.2.1.2 ARV drug resistance and resistance categorization of HIV drug resistance ... community 4.2.2 HIV drug resistance at 12 months after ART initiation 4.2.2.1 HIV drug resistance prevention and HIV drug resistance at T2 All clinics met WHO target of HIV drug resistance prevention...

Ngày tải lên: 04/10/2014, 13:22