fatty acid metabolism andlipotoxicity in the pathogenesisof nafld nash

... acid, resulting in the synthesis of mainly x-1 hydroxylated 216 lauric acid, suggesting a role in the lipid oxidative metabolism Interestingly, the percentage of the x-hydroxylated product increases ... occurring in the soil Furthermore, branched chain fatty acids make up 80% of the fatty acid content of the Bacillus sp membranes and when the hydroxylation of these substrates was studied in more ... enzymes that in the end could fulfil identical biological functions The proteins displaying the lowest similarity to the other P450s are those involved in oxylipin biosynthesis (2–6% amino acid identity)...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 16:21

... TAG synthesis was initially hindered following stearate administration and was completely interrupted at longer incubation periods Interestingly, the interruption of TAG synthesis preceded the appearance ... supporting the notion that it constitutes the initiating event in the process of lipotoxicity Stearate has to be activated in order to be toxic The first enzyme involved in metabolism of FFAs after their ... uptake into liver cells is the long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), which activates fatty acids by linking them to coenzyme A As shown in Fig 6, triacsin C (TrC), a specific competitive inhibitor...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 22:20

... deciphering the origin of the destabilization and hence, diminution of the melting temperature (Tm) in the former Base stacking in the vicinity of A C mismatch in PNAÆDNA and DNA duplexes Intra ... interrupted stacking, fluctuating nature of the hydrogen bond and water organization in the vicinity of the mismatch might be the contributing factors for the increase in free energy and diminished stability ... significant variableness in the water interactions surrounding the mismatch Water interaction in the vicinity of A C mismatch Figure 7A–L depicts the nature of water interaction in the neighbourhood...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 21:20

... cytokines are involved in regulation of the CYP4F enzymes levels during in ammation The pro -in ammatory cytokines interleukin-1b, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a are able to induce CYP4Fs, ... elements in the promoter regions of target genes, thereby inducing gene expression of the target gene Most of these target genes are involved in lipid metabolism Particularly pronounced is the induction ... regulatory element binding protein-2 isoform is involved in the induction CYP4F2 by statins [80] Parallel studies on the induction of CYP4F3 showed that this enzyme was induced in HL60 cells and...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 16:21

... cytokines play a key role in orchestrating inflammatory and structural changes of the airway in asthma by recruiting, activating and promoting inflammatory cells into the airway [38-40] In addition ... suggesting an antiinflammatory role of LPA in a murine model of acute lung injury [26] In addition to its anti-inflammatory effect, LPA regulated E-cadherin intracellular trafficking and airway epithelial ... critical role in pathogenesis of airway inflammatory diseases Therapeutic targeting of LPA2 may be beneficial in reducing allergic inflammatory responses in airway diseases Competing interests The authors...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:20

... disorders and gaining insights into the nature of such disorders and the mechanisms of action of RRT are important In the present review we explore the acid base disorders seen in ARF, the effect of ... clinical setting, the anion gap is not always elevated These findings might lead clinicians to diagnostic and therapeutic confusion In these situations, quantitative analysis using the Stewart– ... hypoalbuminemia Hypoalbuminemia lowered the anion gap and masked the presence of acidifying anions to those clinicians using conventional acid base analysis Effect of renal replacement therapy on acid base...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:20

... examining the effects of bicarbonate infusion on intracellular pH are variable, with intracellular [H+] rising [36], falling [37,38,43–48], not changing [4,14,34,35], or either rising or falling ... spectroscopy In one study [51] bicarbonate attenuated the decrease in intracellular muscle pH during exercise induced metabolic acidosis while raising the arterial pH and PCO2 In the other study ... but clinical trials in humans are lacking Competing interests None declared References When should I administer a buffering agent? The lack of evidence supporting buffer therapy in human acidosis...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:20

... whether this is true for other injuries in isolation or combination The interpretation of SBE must therefore incorporate the injury complex into decision-making, perhaps limiting its utility A recent ... identified in some studies that is conspicuously lacking in others? The answer may be found in the timing Much like base excess, the value of the SIG may be related to the time of assay Since the natural ... loading [31–33] Interestingly, metabolic acidosis induced by chloride from normal saline solution loading is associated with impaired coagulation and the need for bicarbonate buffering of the induced...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:20

... illustrated in Table In either case the SID is reduced to 30 mEq/l, but with a fall in [Cl–] after water dilution Interestingly, hypertonicity makes solutions more acidifying [36] In this case the reduction ... within the cells during correction The net effect of KCl administration is that the retained strong anion (Cl–) stays extracellullar, whereas most of the retained strong cation disappears into the ... membranes with intracellular fluid) This alters extracellular SID and ATOT, the final determinants of metabolic acid base status, toward the SID and ATOT of the infused fluid The CO2TOT of infused fluid...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:20

... important The increase in chloride relative to that of sodium reduces the SID, resulting in a reduction in the alkalinity of blood The Na+/Cl– ratio has been proposed as a simple way to delineate the ... addressed in future study designs Without consistency in reporting acid base methodology, conflicting reports will continue Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests ... for the albumin level (which, in the critically ill, is usually low) [14-16] The importance of correcting the anion gap for albumin is not limited to the adult population Quite the contrary, there...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 22:22

... that they have no competing interests 17 Authors' contributions PSM and MKB participated in the design of the study, laboratory tests, and in the writing of the manuscript LSWM performed the laboratory ... in sepsis [46] the writing of the manuscript All authors read and approved the manuscript Acknowledgements The authors thank Leandro Martins and Camila Valentin for their help in the recruitment ... neutrophil adaptation across the continuum of sepsis This is a single time point study where the dynamic of sepsis is pointed out by the inclusion of patients at different stages of the disease; sepsis,...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 10:20

... within the repeat) On the other hand, glutamine, alanine and glutamic acid repeats were the main contributors to the increased number of gap polymorphisms inside the repeats than outside the ... M: The importance of being proline: the interaction of proline-rich motifs in signaling proteins with their cognate domains FASEB J 2000, 14:231-241 Huang H, Winter EE, Wang H, Weinstock KG, Xing ... research We investigated the frequency of the different amino acid substitutions in repeats and adjacent sequences, focusing on the eight most common amino acids forming tandem repeats (Table 2) The...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 16:21

Ngày tải lên: 14/11/2014, 08:05

... We define the fatty acids with > 5% content as dominant fatty acids and Fig shows the dominant fatty acids in the leaves and stems of Z japonica in each sampling site The term “other” in the x-axis ... Acid Methyl Esters Mix (47080-U, SUPELCO, USA); and kinds of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) These standards were used to obtain 56 kinds of fatty acids Therefore, the contents of each fatty acid ... shows the dominant fatty acids in the roots and rhizomes in each sampling site The average fatty acid content in the roots and rhizomes was 28.1 ± 4.8% for 16:0 and 33.6 ± 8.1% for 18:2n6c In addition,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 10:17

... serine and glycine was reduced from 33% in the light to 25% in the dark (Fig 7A) Glutamine and asparagine were the major amino acids in the xylem sap in both the light (63% of the total amino acids) ... et al acid synthesis in these cells, from which the amino acids are loaded to the phloem for the grain In the phloem sap, glutamine is the preferred nitrogen carrier rather than asparagine (Table ... amino acid) were found to be the main nitrogen compounds in the phloem exudates, amounting to 51% of the total amino acids in the light and 56% in the dark (Fig 7A) The total amount of alanine,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 18:20

... lipid-binding protein, intestinal 15 kDa protein, ileal bile acid- binding protein and gastrotropin, reflecting the speculations of authors on its intracellular function(s) In vitro binding assays ... identified in vertebrate species [3] Originally, these proteins were named according to the tissue from which they were initially isolated, e.g livertype fatty acid- binding protein (L-FABP), brain-type ... protein (L-FABP), brain-type fatty acid- binding protein (B-FABP), intestinal-type fatty acid- binding protein (I-FABP), etc However, this nomenclature has become confusing because different types...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 06:20

... amino acid sequencing of an amphibian liver fatty acid binding protein Biochem Cell Biol 74, 109–115 ´ ´ ´ Cordoba OL, Sanchez EI & Santome JA (1999) The main fatty acid- binding protein in the ... HTB (1993) Fatty acidbinding protein and its relation to fatty acid oxidation Mol Cell Biochem 123, 101–106 15 Glatz JF & van der Vusse GJ (1996) Cellular fatty acidbinding proteins: their function ... shown in capital letters, with the coding sequences of each exon underlined and the deduced amino acid sequence indicated below The nucleotide positions in the gene sequence are indicated by the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 00:20

... the liver in CMR in the postprandial phase In this study, we investigated the effects of CMR on NF-jB activation in macrophages and determined whether these are modulated by the fatty acid composition ... and incubations continued in fetal bovine serum-free culture medium for 24 h in the presence of ApoA-I ⁄ phosphatidylcholine (100 lgÆmL)1) At the times indicated in the text, aliquots of the ... enriched in n-6 or n-3 PUFA [30] These findings provide strong evidence that induction of macrophage foam cell formation is in uenced by dietary fatty acids during their transport from the gut to the...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:20

... no longitudinal studies examining the role of fatty acids on incident BMLs in either healthy or OA populations Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between intakes of ... subchondral bone is important in maintaining joint integrity and the development of OA, this study suggests that dietary modification of fatty acid intake may be one strategy in the prevention of knee ... warrants further investigation Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Authors' contributions YW participated in the design of the study, performed the statistical...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:20

... strains are maintained at the SAG and, therefore, are not further discussed here Similarly, there is only a single strain of Chlorarachniophyta (Rhizaria supergroup) in the SAG The very long chain ... only one out of the 10 strains that were chosen from the published data originated from the SAG collection For strains the FA profiles were very similar In case of the remaining strains major differences ... are routine in the perpetual maintenance of algal strains (data not shown) In summary, we conclude that only 1-2% of the strains may have been contaminated and that there is only a minor influence...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:21