european cities in the knowledgebased economy observations and policy challenges

... policy debate. All around the world, including in the European Union, policymakers are rethinking their privacy frameworks. As a leader in the global Internet economy, it is incumbent on the ... how their information will be used, and they know that it will not be used in other ways. The combined force of the purpose specification and use limitation principles stands in contrast to the ... covered by these sectoral laws as “gaps” in the framework of privacy policy. 26 Much of the personal data traversing the Internet falls into these gaps. The United States adopted and maintained...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 03:20

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 11:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 17:20

... (e.g. the removal of subsidies and the dismantling of the marketing board system) and the increase in input costs over the years. It is expected that the introduction of the minimum wage in the ... Housing One of the most significant institutions impacting on and shaping the sourcing and management of labour in the Western Cape is the provision of housing. Tied housing – the linking of ... businesses in Dihlophaneng, three shops were visited during the course of the research, and their owners interviewed. All five businesses in Dihlophaneng involve the retailing of groceries and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 11:20

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 14:20

... a Southern a liate and all the remaining intermediates are produced in the home country by the parent. Now consider the sourcing decision of the multinationals a liate in the other Northern country. ... within the multinational enterprise. That increases the cost of producing each intermediate in a Northern a liate relative to the cost of producing at the parent so that for the threshold intermediate ... variation in the e ciency of Y production induces diÔerences in wages across countries. The wage in the North w N exceeds the wage in the South w S . In each Northern country, there is a continuum...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 02:20

... According to the Scottish Executive (1999) creating and sustaining employability is the responsibility of the state, individuals and training providers. However, in the UK there has been a shifting ... capacity to sustain employment—‘doing the job’— in the style labour market. The need for this kind of training and an indication of the current mismatch between training, skills and employability ... selection and training criteria demanded by potential employers. It offered education and training in the skills needed to be successful in the processes of recruitment, selection and working in industries...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 13:20

... being done or planned for the area. ã Since the building of the new freeway, local business was now dying. In the past, the passing traffic used to stop at the local shopping complex; since they ... (both land-based and in the other sectors of the economy) by reducing the severity of the impoverishment, providing inhabitants with some monetary resources and, more importantly, uplifting the ... (both in the formal and informal sectors) and the poor cash flow in the Mount Frere district takes place in the context of: ã An expanding monetisation of services (including health, education and...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 05:20

... development in the South. The series questions neoliberal theories of development and modernisa- tion and, in highlighting the poverty of the mainstream, offers critical insight into the theoretical ... institutions of the global concessional financing system (see also Gélinas 2003) and the narratives in political economy which explain what they do. It examines obscure and peripheral parts of the Northern ... spite of it and alongside it, and systemically with the support of development finance institutions (DFIs). Bearing this in mind, the book examines the proposition that the political economy of...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... negative real interest rates in the mid 1970s changing to high interest rates in 1979 after the Volcker Shock, and even higher in 1981; global recession in the early 1980s and again in the early ... www.mountainvoices.net/ lesotho.asp.html 2. The inadequacy of the development duopoly of the modern and ‘other’, the developed and developing, is well critiqued since the seminal Culture and Imperialism ... relative price. The word we use in a particular context relies on how much the price is, who is doing the lending and borrowing and where in the world they are doing it. Thus, as a hypo- thetical example,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... probably the ‘central dynamic’ in widening domestic and global inequality since the 1980s, since they ‘bet on the strong, privilege the privileged, help the winners, expose the losers and prompt ... status and critically obscures how the divide between the global haves and have-nots is maintained; the technical slights of hand are the implementing policy machine of the political economy ... banks. They exist at the ‘commanding heights’ (Arrighi 1994: xii), in the boardroom of the global economy, and their relatively small number explains in part both the herd behaviour of investors...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... official in the CDC in 1993, referring to the case of Kenya, noted that the CDC would take investment decisions: by understanding the human nature of these people, how they are moving and the politicians, ... impacting on the institutions and companies of the British state predominantly, creating a claim on their underwriting resources, which they in turn were seeking to share with other, less financially ... disbursements by using financing through the IDA to pay the IMF! Indeed, Oxfam cite the shock- ing statistic that, in the case of Zambia during the late 1990s, ‘well over half of the finance provided...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... agricultural investigations for the World Bank. (CDC 1971: 7) The CDC and the other bilateral and multilateral institutions, from this highpoint, then intermeshed operationally and financially in the ... 12:34 Page 85 In 1961 the CDC won the 1961 Financial Settlement and the primary responsibility for maintaining a proper balance in its own portfolio, and in 1963 restoration in the independent ... colonies in the world economy and sterling area. Thus, in 1949 they urged the British Government to pay ‘closer consideration’ to pricing policies and the ‘relative place in the UK markets of the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... five of the seven years since 2000, and were only positive in 2002 and 2003. The ODF flows remained healthily positive, but as the definitions indicate, these include finance transferring at non-concessional ... account of the changing role of the CDC in managing investment and liquidity. The case study shows how one dominant core lender in the global interstate system, Britain, worked within the Bretton Woods ... existing, and a further twelve remained negative in 2005, with seven not recording. In other words, there was considerable disinvestment of ‘free-floating’ portfolio holdings within Africa in both...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... medicine, should they choose to. Of course, there is another economy in Africa which is informal and possible quite large, but the official one reviewed here shows increasing inequality and income ... Scandinavian engineering firms and French and German firms whose employees are increasingly multilingual (ibid.). The multilateral organisations can thus be seen as the intermediaries in an institutionalised ... of goods and works and consultancy contracts from the ADB in the years 2006 and 2007 and for all the years since 1966. Two recent Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) between the UK and ADB illustrate...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... while the Great Predators retain a leading role in listing stock for companies, and in sponsoring financial institutions and instruments. The IFC set up its Capital Markets Department back in 1971 ... of banks and large US and European industrial companies (MMC 1992: 146). Most of the organisations were making investments in the form of equity and loans, with EIB and OPIC investing in only ... 1971 and initiates a ‘high propor- tion’ of financial sector interventions itself, as an advisor and investor, and sees its role in the financial sector as transmitting efficiency to the economy...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... sector, illustrating well the role of DFIs in providing institutions and structures for the export, and then recy- cling, of finance capital from the core states. In Ghana the CDC worked in collaboration ... enclave- based firms in Anglophone Africa, and the British frontier institutions, the ECGD and CDC, have had a leading role in shaping the extractive agricultural and mineral industries in the countries ... we measuring? In the last three chapters we have examined profitability within the political economy of aid, both in and of itself in chapter 7 (through direct contracts), and then in terms of the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20