electrodes for rocking chair batteries

... batteries for conventional vehicles, to reduce the fuel consumption As traction batteries for electric vehicles, with an increased range for the same total weight, or a higher payload for the same ... D or E, has a satisfactory performance at low rates, but shows a high decrease in performance at high discharge rates Ø The best ratio ‘performancergrid weight’ for all the solutions developed ... testing of optimised PNS electrodes tive electrodes, and an AGM design with glass microfibre separators The cells were formed with 1.240 grcm3 density acid After the formation, all the cells...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... used to fabricate WO3 sensing electrodes for high temperature potentiometric NOx sensing WO3 films can be deposited selectively on Pt electrodes only or on both Pt electrodes and UV-ozone treated ... to form a paste, which was then painted on top of the Pt lead wires on the sensor platform (Fig 1b) The WO3 layer was spread over as much YSZ as possible After sintering at 700 ◦ C in air for ... the Pt electrodes by immersion coating, since Pt has much higher activity to decompose peroxytungstates than YSZ After immersing half of the sensor platform into the 100 mM W/H2 O2 solution for...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:07

... NixCo1−xMoO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanowire electrodes for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have been synthesized via a hydrothermal method, followed by thermal post-annealing at 500°C for h The chemical composition ... negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries Nature 2000, 407:496 Taberna PL, Mitra S, Poizot P, Simon P, Tarascon JM: High rate capabilities Fe3O4-based Cu nano-architectured electrodes for lithium-ion ... exploited as materials for lithium-ion batteries but were only applied as cathodes [15, 16] In this paper, we report the fabrication of NixCo1−xMoO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanowire electrodes by a hydrothermal...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 21:20

... commercial graphite (372 mAh/g for LiC6) However, there is a severe practical problem in the application of Si electrodes, i.e., when Si is used as an anode material for Li-ion batteries, a large volume ... materials for Li-ion batteries J Power Sources 2006, 159:349 Cho GB, Song MG, Bae SH, Kim JK, Choi YJ, Ahn HJ, Ahn JH, Cho KK, Kim KW: Surface-modified Si thin film electrode for Li ion batteries ... because the Si-covered area for the continuous film is wider than that for the patterned film Charge-discharge behaviors of cells with continuous and patterned films (electrodes) are compared in...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 23:20

... under subsequent cycling On cycling the electrodes for 35 cycles, the capacities maintained by the latter samples were far better than those of the former For instance, the capacity of the sample ... temperature for 24 h The precipitated solution was subsequently dried in an oven at 85°C to evaporate residual water, and the dried powders were ground well before heating at 600°C for h to eliminate ... Johnson CS, Vaughey JT, Li N, Hackney SA: Advances in manganese-oxide ‘composite’ electrodes for lithium-ion batteries J Mater Chem 2005, 15:2257-2267 Feng L, Chang Y, Wu L, Lu T: Electrochemical...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 23:20

... considered as a suitable tool for detection of nucleic acids We show the successful application of modern nano-technologies not only for detecting of nucleic acids but also for distinguishing of all ... measurements were performed using AUTOLAB PGS30 Analyzer (EcoChemie, Netherlands) connected to VA-Stand 663 (Metrohm, Switzerland), using a standard cell with three electrodes Carbon composite electrodes ... surface of the electrodes, the dependences of adenine peak height on scan rate (50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mV/ s) were determined The logarithmic dependences are shown in Figure 2A-C for microcarbon,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 03:20

... distance for Li?, the cavities in hollow structured electrodes for Li-ion batteries may provide extra space for the storage of Li?, beneficial for enhancing specific capacity Furthermore, the void ... greatly limit the cycling life of electrodes The use of nanostructured materials is an effective approach for enhancing the rate capability of solid-state electrodes For example, the hollow or porous ... disgusting obstacle for practical application of Si as the anode for Li-ion batteries To overcome this drawback, two strategies have been proposed: using composite materials and forming nanostructured...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 07:20

... under subsequent cycling On cycling the electrodes for 35 cycles, the capacities maintained by the latter samples were far better than those of the former For instance, the capacity of the sample ... temperature for 24 h The precipitated solution was subsequently dried in an oven at 85°C to evaporate residual water, and the dried powders were ground well before heating at 600°C for h to eliminate ... Johnson CS, Vaughey JT, Li N, Hackney SA: Advances in manganese-oxide ‘composite’ electrodes for lithium-ion batteries J Mater Chem 2005, 15:2257-2267 Feng L, Chang Y, Wu L, Lu T: Electrochemical...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... Figure shows SC at different scan rates for the composite electrodes The SC decreased with increasing scan rate due to the diffusion limitations in pores The electrodes prepared using powders stirred ... conditions can be beneficial for the improvement in electrode performance The highest SC of 185 F g-1 was achieved at a 123 516 Nanoscale Res Lett (2010) 5:512–517 Fig CVs for a composite electrode ... of simulated and measured data (Fig 10) was found for the equivalent circuit similar to that proposed for composite ruthenium oxide-graphite electrodes [20] In this circuit, C1 and R1 described...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 00:20

... plate was cured for 24 h at 35+2°C and a relative humidity of 100% Then, it was dried at room temperature for 24 h A constant d.c electrochemical formation method was adopted The formation process ... are similar to those of the batteries produced by the conventional process The difference between the two types of batteries is that the number Table Test results of batteries with wt.% composite ... The formation process was continued until the bath voltage had become constant for h A test cell was made up of the formed plates The cell contained a large amount of electrolyte with asp gr of...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... Wright w13x performed potential-step experiments to study the formation of PbSO4 in H SO4 at y188C, ‘with’ and ‘without’ expanders, and proposed a mechanism of expander action for the charge-transfer ... paste formulation is given in Table After curing and drying, formation was carried out in 3.15 M H SO4 with a current density of 3.25 mA cmy2 at 0.3 A h gy1 A final charge at 3.25 mA cmy2 for ... utilization of NAM for all the expanders Once a plate was discharged, a potential of y1.350 V was applied for 360 s and the quantity of charge accepted was measured The charge transient for expander...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... of a water-loss test In this procedure, automotive batteries are fully charged before an overcharge at a constant voltage of 14.4 V is started for several weeks; the details depend on the standard ... resistance (Fig 2) The main reason for these disappointing results is that during extrusion some of the extremely long molecules are already destroyed due to shear forces and temperature In order ... This result can be interpreted by assuming the oil covers the polymer to form a protective film that sacrifices itself for the polyethylene and thus reduces the oxidizing species and renders them...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... Wright w13x performed potential-step experiments to study the formation of PbSO4 in H SO4 at y188C, ‘with’ and ‘without’ expanders, and proposed a mechanism of expander action for the charge-transfer ... paste formulation is given in Table After curing and drying, formation was carried out in 3.15 M H SO4 with a current density of 3.25 mA cmy2 at 0.3 A h gy1 A final charge at 3.25 mA cmy2 for ... utilization of NAM for all the expanders Once a plate was discharged, a potential of y1.350 V was applied for 360 s and the quantity of charge accepted was measured The charge transient for expander...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... obtained for all four batteries It can be seen that with increase of the H2SO4/LO ratio the initial capacity of the batteries increases, too The CCA and Peukert dependences are very close for all batteries ... up to 14.8 V U2 ˆ 14.8 V for 24 h I3 ˆ 0.1 C20 A for h I ˆ C2 A down to 50% DOD Voltage after h discharge was determined Table Test algorithm employed for testing of batteries produced with positive ... semi-suspensions as well as before and after drying of the cured pastes and after vacuum treatment as well as for the cured paste before and after drying Curing of the plates was performed in two stages:...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... 2.2.1 Primary Batteries 2.2.2 Secondary Batteries 2.2.3 Lithium-ion Battery 10 2.3 Electrolytes for LIB 15 2.4 Cathodes for LIB 17 2.5 Anodes for LIB ... shows the market and growth forecasts for LIB and other portable secondary batteries In 2010, LIBs had close to five times the revenue of Ni-based batteries Growth rate for LIB market is predicted ... Au deposition followed by MACE [42] Sputtered Si thin film formed the basis for our nanostructure fabrication, and therefore we performed a thorough investigation of the effect of sputtering...

Ngày tải lên: 08/09/2015, 18:24

... electronic resistance (Re) was 1289 Ω for LMFP and 3429 Ω for LMFP-Ni The fitted ionic resistance (Ri) was 941 Ω for LMFP and 1554 Ω for LMFP-Ni 109 Figure 6.8 Rate performances of LMFP-Ni and LMFP ... motions 19 2.3.4 Phase transformation 20 2.3.4.1 Equilibrium phase transformation 20 2.3.4.2 Non-equilibrium phase transformation 22 Performance enhancement strategies ... advanced rechargeable batteries on the market today are the lithium-ion batteries They have about 2.5 times of the energy density of other rechargeable batteries [1]; and are known for their good cycle...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:07

... and Dr Chua Lay Lay for the provision of some of the samples for synchrotron measurements, to James for his partnership with all the solar cell device work, and to Sarah Fearn for her expertise ... PCE up to ~8% for single heterojunction solar cells,6–8 and ~10% for tandem solar cells,9 these values fall well short of the 24% achieved for crystalline silicon-based PV.10 Therefore, considerable ... ITO and G/ITO is similar, the hole injection barrier (HIB) is ~0.9 eV for CuPc/G/ITO as compared to 0.5 eV for CuPc/ITO Therefore, further modification of G/ITO to reduce the HIB is required The...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:22

... current collector They are also referred to as rocking chair batteries as the lithium ions ‘‘rock’’ back and forth between the positive and negative electrodes as the cell is charged and discharged ... theoretical capacities: 4,200 mAh g-1 for Si to Li4.4Si, 1600 mAh g-1 for Ge to Li4.4Ge, 993 mAh g-1 for Al to LiAl, 960 mAh g-1 for Sn to Li4.4Sn and 660 mAh g-1 for Sb to Li3Sb.[30] Figure 1.8(a) ... electrode These metal/intermetallic electrodes should therefore be potentially safer than LixC6 electrodes The electrochemical performance of these metal and intermetallic electrodes is limited by huge...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 09:27

... platinum coatings function as working electrodes by connection to a bipotentiostat and reference/auxiliary electrodes in the cell solution The membrane electrodes system has been used to study ... Feed Membrane electrodes Membrane electrode at receiver face Fig 2.2 Schematic of membrane electrodes cell and detail of membrane electrode at receiver face The reference and auxiliary electrodes ... auxiliary electrodes were placed within the feed solution (for collection experiments) or receiver solution (for shielding experiments) The membrane electrodes were connected to working potentials and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:56

... transport For example, Bernard’s group prepared the composite enzymatic membrane (CEM) to separate the D, L forms of a racemic mixture of (D/L) [11], and to isolate and to concentrate the L form Martin ... single protein experiments, the protein fluxes for all three proteins were observed to decrease significantly over time This suggested the driving force for the electrophoretic transport of the charged ... to the feed side of the membrane The membrane was left in contact with the feed solution for about before applying the electrical potential Epoxy glue was applied generously to insulate and keep...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:56