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Brain, Marshall "How Lithium- ion Batteries Work" 14 November 2006 HowStuffWorks.com. 26 July 2014 The lithium- ion batteries required for EV applications or grid-scale electrical energy storage are much larger Cost, safety and durability considerations; more so than performance, weigh in heavily in decision making regarding their... Hence the phospho- olivine (LiMPO4, M=Fe, Mn) family of cathode materials first discovered by the Goodenough group has quickly gained traction as the cathode material for large-format lithium- ion batteries [9] The application performance of LiMPO4 has also improved significantly over the years but much 3 Chapter 1 work is still needed to overcome some of the issues unique to the phospho- olivine cathodes. .. means of highly reversible electrochemical reactions The most advanced rechargeable batteries on the market today are the lithium- ion batteries They have about 2.5 times of the energy density of other rechargeable batteries [1]; and are known for their good cycle life, absence of memory effects; and high rate performance Such a strong suite of application properties has kept the market dominance of lithium. .. capacity or higher electrode potential for Li+ storage/extraction reactions is the most effective means to substantially improve the cell energy density LiCoO2 and its variants are the most common cathode materials for small lithium ion batteries; a trend that persisted since the inception of early lithium- ion batteries [5, 6] However, high cost, chemical instability and associated safety issues of... Field emission scanning electron microscopy FETEM Field emission transmission electron microscopy FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy GGA Generalized gradient approximation GITT Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique GO Graphene oxide HRTEM High- resolution transmission electron microscopy LDA Local density approximation LFP LiFePO4 LMFP LiMn0.87Fe0.13PO4 xiv List of abbreviations LMFP-Ni... use of LiMnPO4 as a high energy cathode material depends on a significant improvement of its lithiation-delithiation kinetics The improvement of the kinetics of LiMPO4 in lithiation and delithiation requires a good understanding of their phase behavior, reaction mechanism and the conduction mechanisms for electrons and Li+ The next section will review the lithiation and delithiation phase diagram, the... (see Table 2.2 for the calculated energies of Li+ migration) [34] Li+ diffusivities in the other two pathways are more than ten orders of magnitude lower The much higher energy barriers for inter-chain and inter-plane movements than intra-chain diffusion indicates that the formers make no significant contributions to Li+ conduction The preferred diffusion of Li+ along the [010] direction was confirmed... significantly lower than the calculation results which do not consider the Li+ - polaron coupling 2.3.4 Phase transformation The phase transformation between LiMPO4 and MPO4 inevitably involves the nucleation and growth of new phases The high Li+ - M2+ and VLi- - M3+ binding energies are the driving force behind the nucleation of a new phase in the mother phase [34, 45] The nucleation of LiMPO4 in MPO4 during... diffraction suggested the existence of a solid solution with mixed-valent Fe3+/Fe2+ and disordered Li+ distribution The disappearance of phase separation in LixFePO4 at temperatures higher than 350 oC could be attributed to the delocalization of 3d electrons/holes from Fe2+/Fe3+ when the thermal energy of the electrons (kT) was high enough to overcome electron/hole localizations The delocalization of . HIGH PERFORMANCE NANOSTRUCTURED PHOSPHO- OLIVINE CATHODES FOR LITHIUM- ION BATTERIES DING BO A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY NUS GRADUATE SCHOOL FOR. and discussion 49 3. 4 Conclusion 60 CHAPTER 4 A HIGH PERFORMANCE LITHIUM- ION CATHODE LIMN 0.7 FE 0.3 PO 4 /C AND THE MECHANISM OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENTS THROUGH FE SUBSTITUTION 62 4 effort to minimize the compensatory effects in the performance improvement of phospho- olivine cathodes. It aims to combine composition and structural modifications rationally to fabricate phospho- olivine