effects of contaminants on trophic structure and food webs

... regulation of populations Biological control Habitat for resident and transient populations Refugia Portion of GPP used as food Food production Portion of GPP used as raw materials Sources of unique ... removal of smaller, less abundant species Bunker et al (2005) performed model simulations based on random and nonrandom extinction scenarios and showed that effects of species extinction on carbon ... function relationship Fox (2006) developed a framework to partition effects of species loss on ecosystem function Effects were partitioned into those resulting from random loss of species, nonrandom...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

Ngày tải lên: 13/11/2014, 09:58

... function F (the so-called structure function [5]) and vector (X1 , Xn , W1 , Wp ) where n is the number of components of the models (and leaves of the DFT) and p is the number of PAND gates ... where µi is the reparation rate of component i and λi is the maximum of the failure rates of component i Most of the component has an unique failure rate but a component connected to a warm or ... model of a Dynamic Fault Tree which does not contain PAND gates is event monotone Proof: We have two families of event: failure and repair We must check two conditions: the probability must be constant...

Ngày tải lên: 16/10/2015, 09:09

... liberalization on growth Contingent Effects In Table 5a, we focus our attention on the possible contingent effects of prior economic states on Liberalization To our surprise, none of the interaction ... lower rates of growth because of the economic consequences of social tensions (See Easterly and Levine 2001.) Chandra 2001 tests directly for the contingent effects of ethnic fragmentation on Openness ... undertaking a third round of studies test a version of the proposition that Openness or Liberalization’s effects are contingent upon various economic and policy preconditions Diaz-Alejandro 1985 notes...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2012, 08:50

... following question: If we condition on the current term structure of interest rates, as well as on EDF credit measures, would the conditional distribution of future interest rates and defaults be ... yield corresponds with a decline in yield spreads for each combination of maturity and credit rating The relationship is stronger for longermaturity and for lower quality bonds The relation between ... correlations in the convexity, and insignificant negative correlations in the change in slope for bonds with longer maturities, and insignificant positive correlations in the change in slope for bonds...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2012, 11:21

... depending on population segments and regional locations, flavor preferences of consumers also vary Therefore, understanding the development and variations in taste that occur during the maturation process ... quality of the milk, and the aging and maturation conditions At 6–8 months of age, Cheddar cheese develops most of its flavor, and a full Cheddar cheese flavor is generally developed after year of ripening ... evaluation of Cheddar cheese (Murray and Delahunty 2000; Drake et al 2001), and the majority of them had greater than 100 h of training regarding the evaluation of dairy products Food and chemical...

Ngày tải lên: 03/04/2013, 21:06

... grouping of functions, decision - making, co – ordination, control and reward – all these are fundamental requirement for the continued operation of an organization The quality of an organization’s structure ... judgment and consensus building skills…etc The relationship between an organization’s structure and culture and the effects on business performance: As we noted, in one organization, structure and ... authority and hierarchy structure is “flat” or “tall” It is mean that an organization with the narrow span of control and high level will lead to tall structure In contrast, wider span of control and...

Ngày tải lên: 12/04/2013, 21:50

... operates, market conditions, and the availability of talent (Dorf, 2006) Executive compensation has become one of the most public components of the decision-making process of a firm’s board of directors ... Low Discretion Industries 96 Table 12 Summary of Research on CEO Compensation, ROA, and ROE 98 ix List of Figures Figure Histogram of CEO compensation 79 Figure Histogram of return on assets (ROA) ... Questions 16 Hypotheses 17 Significance of the Study 18 Definitions and Key Terms 19 Assumptions and Limitations 22 Organization of the Study 21 CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 22 Introduction 23 Theoretical...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2013, 11:44

... of tests We first condition on rating events and test whether credit spreads widen before and after rating events We then condition on credit spread changes and test whether the probability of ... probability of a rating event The test in Section IIIA considers the adjusted spread change conditional on a rating event Here we consider the probability of a rating event conditional on the adjusted ... Effects of Credit Rating Actions” International Journal of Finance and Economics, 6, 139-157 29 Wansley, J.W., J.L Glascock and T.M Clauretie, 1992 “Institutional Bond Pricing and Information Arrival:...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 03:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 11:20

... computer sciences and Electrical engineering, electronics”  Socio-economic objectives (SEO), “Control and care of the environment”52 and “Production, distribution and rational utilisation of energy”.53 ... environment” and “Production, distribution and rational utilisation of energy”; and  Cross-classified data between ICT and environment categories, for example, by the “Control and care of the ... control of pollution, aimed at the identification and analysis of the sources of pollution and their causes, and all pollutants, including their dispersal in the environment and the effects on...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 09:20

... among members of the organization and enhance commitment and group efficiency” Indeed, a lot of authors and researches identify the concept of corporate culture as well as its role on innovations ... vision, mission, and core values Firstly, vision is considered as a picture of a corporation in the future Hence, it sets direction and the framework for all strategic planning of the corporation ... influences on the use of managerial accounting innovations in Techcombank iv Find out some solutions and recommendations to upholding the good effects of corporate culture on the use of management...

Ngày tải lên: 13/03/2014, 14:20

... Description of respondents’ gender 4.3 Description and Analysis of respondents’ understanding about CSR concept 4.4 Assessment on CSR implementation 4.4.1 Description and Analysis of Questionnaire ... 4.3Description of Result – Question 32 Chart 4.4 Description of Result – Question – Questionnaire for consumers of Vinamilk 33 Chart 4.5Description of Result – Question – Questionnaire ... Description and Analysis of Questionnaire about Tam Viet 4.4.3 Description and Analysis of Questionnaire for managers of Vinamilk and Tam Viet 4.5 Assessment on the development of company and CSR...

Ngày tải lên: 13/03/2014, 14:20

... (nt) in length and contained 311 nt of intron sequence, 112 nt of 5¢ exon and 209 nt of 3¢ exon sequence HindIII-derived pre-RNAs contained a shorter 3¢ exon, 29 nt in length Endonuclease cleavage ... transcription vector (pSP65) (data not shown) In general, when analyzed at a suitably stringent concentration of KCl, there was a correlation between inhibition of endonuclease activity and inhibition of ... evolution of Chlamydomonas group I introns Eur J Biochem 220, 855–859 28 Loizos, N., Tillier, E.R & Belfort, M (1994) Evolution of mobile group I introns: recognition of intron sequences by an intronencoded...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 10:20

... Neighborhood effects In Vernon Henderson and Jacques-François Thisse (eds.) Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, volume Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2173– 2242 Ewing, Reid, Ross Brownson, and David ... on sprawl and obesity, they are broadly consistent with other research on neighborhood effects and the importance of sorting For example, Combes, Duranton, and Gobillon (2004) find that much of ... 2004 Sprawl and urban growth In Vernon Henderson and Jacques-François Thisse (eds.) Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, volume Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2481–2527 Heckman, James J and Richard...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 11:20

... the process of defining the cost of money lent by banks to their customers, therefore they have effects on the behaviour of borrowers and consequently on the real economy On the other hand, prices ... Co-inegration and threshold adjustment Journal of Business and Economic Statistic, 19: 166-167 Engle, R F and Granger, C.W.J., 1987 Co-integration and error-correction: Representation, estimation and ... tells us about monetary policy transmission, competition and integration Journal of International Money and Finance, 23 (2004), pp 461–492 Sander, H., Kleimeier, S., 2006 Convergence of interest...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 23:20

... world and online newspapers, radios and television stations are a key component of local content Thousands of newspapers, radios and television stations around the world provide some or all of their ... of content creation The amount of interoperability among software and media will likely be an important factor for wide-spread dissemination of content 13 Some of the key components of content ... facet of digital local content Online newspaper, radios and television content is available on computers and mobile devices but the devices must have an Internet connection Once the connection is...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 03:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 05:23

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 01:20

... Clore, G.M., Nilges, M., Jones, T.A., Pettersson, G., Knowles, J & Gronenborn, A.M (1989) Determination of the three-dimensional solution structure of the C-terminal domain of cellobiohydrolase I ... with a bandwidth of nm on both monochromators A thermostated cuvette holder connected to a water bath controlled the temperature of the sample solution Temperature-induced unfolding was monitored ... can be used to monitor the secondary structure content of a protein as a function of different environmental parameters The enzyme samples were heated from 25 to 80 °C at a rate of °CÆmin)1 using...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 07:20