ecotoxicology a comprehensive treatment

ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 1 pptx

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... sought at a lower level via reductionism after observation of a consistent association at a level. The initial observation of a consistent association was probably made in what many would describe as ... with care and appropriate qualiﬁcation. Many relevant examples of macroexplanation can also be found in epidemiology. Radon levels measured in counties and lung cancer deaths tallied in those same ... Discriminant and Cluster Analysis 486 24.3.4 Application of Multivariate Methods to Laboratory Data 488 24.3.5 Taxonomic Aggregation in Multivariate Analyses 490 24.4 Summary 491 24.4.1 Summary of...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 2 pptx

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... might take an autecological vantage to managing that particular species. Another example of an autecological topic might be how the physiological tolerances of an estuarine crab relative to salinity ... in adults in that particular part of the estuary. particular habitat can sustain. As an example, phosphorus might limit the standing crop of a nuisance blue-green algalspecies ina freshwaterlake ... well-established autecological approach and, in this case, produced a reasonable conclusion. They also adopted, with minimal adaptation, a technological paradigm from mammaliam toxicology—the LC50/LD50 3 Staying...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 3 ppt

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... Phase I reactions (Slater 1984). As a ﬁnal example, enhanced oxidative damage at high metal concentrations occurs due to hydroxyl radical formation. In such a case, more metal ion is available ... Function or purpose Associated process Metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) Translation TranscriptionExcretion, respiration, detoxification, and sequestration Maintain soma, control aging Maintain and increase ... It can also accelerate the rate at which somatic mutations accumulate, and in doing so, accelerate the rate of aging. Genomic damage changes cell functioning and ultimately inﬂuences individual...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 4 pdf

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... soma, they are also relatively unavailable for trophic transfer to grazers, predators, or parasites (Nott and Nicolaiduo 1993, Wallace and Luoma 2003, Wallace et al. 2003). Let us examine details ... lamellae of the labeled primary gill lamella and also of the primary lamella at the bottom right hand corner of the photomicrograph. The hyperplasia is so extensive that the primary lamellae at ... ﬁnite capacity to resist oxidative damage and accrues DNA damage above a certain dose. The cell’s ability to resist damage at low dose results in a threshold relationship between dose and cancer. 4.5...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 5 docx

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... cerebellum (Acquaah-Mensah et al. 2001). Acrylamide, a chemical contaminant that has been found in some foods, can cause axon damage, producing loss of coordination (ataxia) and skeletal muscle weakness (LoPachin ... W.S., Volety, A. K., and Malaeb, Z., Greater hemocyte bactericidal activity in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from a relatively contaminated site in Pensacola Bay, Florida, Aquat. Toxicol., 64, ... in the last chapter.Arange of toxicants including copper (van Heerden et al. 2004), nickel (Pane et al. 2004), zinc (Matthiessen and Braﬁeld 1973), endosulfan (Saravana Bhavan and Geraldine 2000),...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 7 ppt

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... active transport mechanism (Rozman and Klaassen 1996). Abou-Donia et al. (2002) also make the generalization that a molecular weight greater than 325 Da, structure containing two or more aromatic ... metals, Vijver et al. (2004) argue that metal in pools such as granules are not available to do damage and, this being the case, the total amount of metal in an organism might not be a reliable ... phosphate and arsenate, Mar. Chem., 14, 259–265, 1984. Newman, M.C. and Jagoe, C.H., Ligands and the bioavailability of metals in aquatic environments, In Bioavail- ability. Physical,Chemical and...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 8 potx

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... this approach include Cahill et al. (2003), Czub and McLachlan (2004), Gobas and Mackay (1987), Hickie et al. (1999), Mackay (1979, 2001), Mackay and Wania (1995), and Wania and Mackay (1995). As ... transfer to human milk. At a subcontinental scale, Mackay and Wania modeled the movement of organochlorine contaminants in the Arctic. General (Wania and Mackay 1995) and chemical-speciﬁc (Wania et ... of Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability 123 the reference compartment and clearances are calculated relative to that compartment. Clearances can be expressed as volume/time or as mass-normalized...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 9 docx

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... W, and Sb to Bi) (Fraústo da Silva and Williams 1991, Jones and Vaughn 1978). Hard metals are not as polarizable as soft metals. Other metals are intermediate to the soft and hard metals. Acid–base ... for analyzing data from concentration-lethal response tests. Many can also be applied for nonlethal effects. Each (Figure 9.5) carries advantages and disadvantages. The best methods can be applied ... Newman and McCloskey 1996, Newman et al. 1998, Ownby and Newman 2003, Tatara et al. 1998) did this, using what they called a quantitative ion character–activity relationship (QICAR) approach....

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 10 pdf

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... 1968 and 2006. Eighty-two percent of these papers applied experimental designs appropriate for analysis of variance (ANOVA) or analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and did not draw on available ecological ... Finally and as detailed in later chapters, interspecies interactions are also important, including balancing activities associated with foraging and predator avoidance (e.g., Hui 2002, Perez and ... techniques are necessarily iterative and situations exist in which they fail to converge on an acceptable solution. The associated parameter estimates and predictions are unacceptable in that case and...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 11 docx

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... of efﬁciently organizing knowledge aroundrigorouslytestedparadigms, and the consilience of concepts and paradigms among all hierarchical levels. The advantages of an autecological exploration of ecotoxicology ... sensitive indicators of exposure or effect, and creation of a highly discrete and tractable approach to any ecotoxicological questions. Careful interpretation of organismal data improves our ability to ... metabolomics, and bioenergetics. Alterations to an individual’s genome and consequences were detailed with emphasis on cancer. Transformations of organic and inorganic toxicants were described at...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 12 pot

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... results but easily explained in a metapopulation context. Also, the loss of a small amount of habitat to contamination can have dire consequences if the lost habitat was a source habitat sustaining the ... sustaining the metapopulation components in adjacent, clean habitats. Such keystone habitats are crucial for maintaining the population in adjacent areas and some species are particularly sensitive ... (Catostomus commersoni) in a metal-contaminated lake (McFarlane and Frazin 1978). Theoretical models for disease in pop- ulations (Moolgavkar 1986) and population impact of toxicants (Callow and...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 13 pptx

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... hazard of a reference group or type is used as a baseline hazard and the hazard of another group is scaled (made proportional) to that baseline hazard. For example, the hazard of contracting a ... For example, twenty diseased ﬁsh found during an annual sampling of a standard sample size of 10,000 individuals taken from a bay near a heavily industrialized city may be compared to an annual ... individual dead or alive) can be used for analyzing epidemiological data associated with contamination. It is one of the most common approaches for analyzing epidemiological data of human disease (SAS...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 14 pot

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... 2)/r. This model may be applicable for some situations such as the early growth dynamics of a population introduced into a new habitat or a Daphnia magna population maintained in a laboratory culture ... of propagules such as a seed bank or dormant stage can produce a “propagule rain” that bolsters a waning subpopulation and can inﬂuence metapopulation dynamics. In such a case, the regional occurrence ... a metapopulation by affecting the rate at which vacant habitat is reﬁlled from adjacent areas. Box 14.2 Computer Projections of Metapopulation Risk in a Contaminated Habitat Spromberg et al. (1998)...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 15 pot

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... multiplied by the scalar. Let b be a scalar with value 12 and A bea2ì2 matrix: 12 A = 12  a 11 a 12 a 21 a 22  =  1 2a 11 1 2a 12 1 2a 21 1 2a 22  . Multiplication of a matrix A by another matrix B is ... us add these natality data (Table 15.2) to that already analyzed for mortality (Table 15.1). Again, data are pooled here into weekly age classes. The Euler–Lotka equation (Equation 15.7) was ... population persistence. Ecotoxicological applications of elasticity and related methods are beginning to be published. As one example, elasticity analysis of the freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, exposed chronically to cadmium...

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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 17 potx

Ngày tải lên : 18/06/2014, 16:20

... in assessing radiation effects to humans (NCRP 1993). 17.2.3 MUTATION RATES AND ACCUMULATION The natural rate at which mutations appear varies among genes and species. Rates for bacteriophage, bacteria, ... and alkylation damage accumulates. Examples of repair by excision (Bootma and Hoeijmakers 1994) have been described for coping with larger adducts: damaged bases are removed and proper bases are ... replaced by another.) DNA alkylation can also lead to base loss. For example, an alkyl adduct at position 7 nitrogen of guanine weakens the bond between the base and deoxyribose, and promotes base...