directionality in combinatory grammar

... string positions, s Next the combinatory rule (19) applies, to unify the argument term of the function with the real argument, binding the remain- ing positional variables including the distinguished ... constrained for English.) One very general constraint, excluding all combinations with or into NP, is included in the program, in order to force type-raising and exemplify the way in which ... claimed elsewhere to constrain the combinatory rules of composition and type raising in such a way as to make certain linguistic universals concerning word order under coordination follow immediately....

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 21:20

... be bounded by partially linear indexed grammar. 1 Introduction Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG, Steed- man (2000)) is a prominent categorial grammar framework. Having a strong degree of lexical- ism ... exten- sion of linear indexed grammars. In In Proceedings of the 7th European Chapter of ACL Conference. Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Man- darin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: ... power grows after incorporating the memory mechanism. Outline: I introduce CCG in §2, and then mo- tivate the need of memory mechanism in dealing with serial verb construction in CCG in § 3. I de- scribe...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... motivation in teaching and learning grammar. - to prove the application of grammar games brings many practical benefits in teaching and learning grammar in particular, and English in general. - ... Recommendations In order to achieve effective results in teaching and learning English in general, English grammar in particular and make easy the process of using games in teaching grammar, it ... teaching grammar There is an interesting movement towards teaching grammar with games. It creates students’ motivation in learning English, especially English grammar. Just imagine when coming...

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Ngày tải lên: 07/09/2013, 13:48

... in This does not always have a negative meaning – often it gives the idea of inside or into,e.g. internal, insert, income .  Verb prefixes: un- and dis These prefixes have two meanings. ... order to convey my points clearly to the reader? 66 Grammar Six excellent career fields within mechanical engineering technology are heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC); mechanical ... their English equivalents. abbreviation Latin words in full meaning AD anno Domini since the birth of Christ a.m. ante meridiem in the morning BC before Christ c. or ca. circa...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 20:20

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Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 10:03

... Building a lin- guistically interpreted corpus of bulgarian: the bul- treebank. In Proc. LREC. N. Smith and J. Eisner. 2006. Annealing structural bias in multilingual weighted grammar induction. In Proc. ... Learning Approaches In our experiments, we compare PR learning to standard expectation maximization (EM) and to Bayesian learning with a sparsity-inducing prior. The EM algorithm optimizes marginal ... and posterior constraints. In Proc. NIPS. W.P. Headden III, M. Johnson, and D. McClosky. 2009. Improving unsupervised dependency pars- ing with richer contexts and smoothing. In Proc. NAACL. M....

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... non-deterministic we will finish with a set of maximal consistent subsets. Each of these subsets can be converted directly into ALE terms using ALE's built -in predicate add_to/5. The re- sulting ... be identified as a parallel element. DSP indicate parallel elements in the source by means of underlines as shown in (16). An underlined ele- ment in the source is termed a 'primary occur- ... intended analysis. 2 An ALE Discourse Grammar For our initial exploration into using ALE for dis- course grammars we have developed a small dis- course grammar whose lexical items are complete...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... represented as a Prolog variable ( _Z in this case). Thus, the seemingly space consuming procedure of bringing a formula into FML* NF and transforming the output of (9d) into FML* is avoided completely. ... inheritance conflicts inside template definitions. Second, the distinction between default and non-default information is relevant only in definitions, not in the corresponding feature structures. ... We represent this by using []-bracketed indices, instead of <> and by marking the attributes which are exceptions in ix)/([ italic TWo things are worth noticing. First of all, the unificaUon...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 02:20

... wrapping and infixing of [Moort- gat, 1988] which is only partial, and resolves some problems of determinacy of insertion point in the application of these proposals to in- sits binding phenomena. ... everything' there is the derivation in Figure 3. In this derivation, and in general, lines are included showing explicit label manipulations under equality in the prosodic algebra, in such ... Morrill. Grammar and Logi- cal Types. In Guy Barry and Glyn Morrill (eds.) Studies in Categorial Grammar, Edinburgh Work- ing Papers in Cognitive Science Volume 5. Also in Proceedings of...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 05:21

... extensional. Including inten- sionality would present no new problems in principle. The idea is very simple. Each nonterminal in the grammar becomes a three-place predicate in the Prolog ... from input logical forms. ~ intend to explore this further in future work. If the l-calculus can be smoothly incorporated in the way suggested, then natural language grammar writers will find ... needs a verb phrase meaning in order to become a sentence. The X2 stands for that verb-phrase meaning. For example, during constz~ction of the meaning of a sentence containing this noun phrase...

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