diphthamide key effector of the diphtheria toxin

... Structure of the isolated catalytic domain of diphtheria toxin Biochemistry 34, 773–781 Tortorella D, Sesardic D, Dawes CS & London E (1995) Immunochemical analysis of the structure of diphtheria toxin ... binding of T), at a pH higher than when it was isolated The T domain facilitated the insertion of the C domain in the membrane To better characterize the environment of the Trp residues of the C ... translocation, the C domain and only the 63 N-terminal amino acids of the T domain are present on the trans side of the membrane [24,25] The remaining 124 amino acids of the T domain are left in the membrane...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 22:20

... plotted against the log of the measured MIC The aforementioned results showed that synthetic peptides corresponding to fragments of the MGD1 defensin reproduced the behaviour of the entire molecule ... accessible residues charge of the b-hairpin loop, as compared with that of other domains of the molecule, might be a key feature for the activity of defensins It must be noted that the a-helix (residues ... results obtained by other groups who also point to the role of the connecting loop of the b-hairpin of defensins A combination of mutational analysis [35] and structural analysis of the plant defensin...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 11:20

... regulates the formation of transport complexes GTP hydrolysis by Ran in the cytoplasm drives dissociation of the export cargo from the export complex, whereas RanGTP promotes disassembly of the import ... represent the SEM analyzed As shown in Fig 2A, the protein level of Nup358, a component of the cytoplasmic filaments of the NPC, gradually increased as muscle cell differentiation proceeded All other ... in the activation of nuclear protein export in myotubes It is highly possible that a selective increase in the efficiency of nuclear protein export triggers the redistribution of a number of key...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 01:20

... with the program GNOMOKO [24] The molecular masses were calculated from the ratio of the forward scattering intensity of the samples and of the molecular mass standard BSA The volume fractions of ... indolepyruvate (Fig 1) In the course of the establishment of the equilibrium % 85% of the enol form is converted into the ketone (half-time % at 20 °C) as deduced from the appearance of additional proton ... present case The analysis of the kinetic constants of the 4-substituted benzoylformates as substrates for EcIPDC demonstrates that the dependence of the logarithm of kcat/kcat0 vs the substituent...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:20

... processivity are often cited as causes of the slowdown [14,29,30] One of the most controversial theories concerns the influence of crystallinity and the change of the degree of crystallinity during ... for this slowdown of the reaction rate but, so far, no mechanistic explanation of the slowdown has been validated The substrate characteristics often implied in the slowdown of the reaction rate ... related to the adsorption capacity of endoglucanases on both types of substrate [45] Furthermore, the degree of crystallinity of cellulose influences adsorption at a given protein loading and the maximum...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 10:20

... from the catalytic subunit is part of the activation process of the ubiquitous calpains [19,20] Therefore, the interesting observation of calpain dimerization raises the question of whether and ... is subsequent to the stress response, to the adjustment of the nuclei number to the volume of the atrophying fibers, or is a direct consequence of the lack of calpain activity on the NF-jB ⁄ IjBa ... to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease The numerous patients who present two null mutations leading to the absence of the protein together with the recessive pattern of inheritance clearly...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 10:21

... AIFMs that are significant in terms of their size or the size of the AIFs they manage, their internal organisation and the nature, the scope and the complexity of their activities to establish a ... determine types of AIFM, where relevant in the application of the AIFMD, and to ensure uniform conditions of application of the AIFMD The different types of AIFM will manage a variety of AIF legal ... ‘‘alternative investment funds’,’ the scope of the AIFMD is extremely wide-ranging in the context of the types of AIF covered 12 The recitals to the Directive further clarify that AIFs can be open...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 14:20

... nih-image/), the relative fluorescence intensity of the PTPCs was determined as the intensity of the individual cells relative to the mean pixel fluorescence for the entire somata (S) of the brain ... transfer into the CNS of the silkworm, B mori [11] This system allows reporter gene analysis of many constructs, enabling the identification of the cis-elements in vivo Furthermore, the system is ... in the decision to express the PTTH gene The 5¢-upstream region of the PTTH gene from )180 to )151 is similar to the MEF2 consensus binding sequence of a variety of organisms MEF2 belongs to the...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 20:20

... months - No reduction of the incidence of fractures - No reduction of the rate of falls or the incidence of fractures No effect of serum vitamin D3 level - No reduction of the fracture risk (OR ... moment of time to environmental constraints [28,32] It has been suggested that the specificity of the mechanism of falls in the elderly, particularly the impairment of postural reactions - either ... an abnormality of processing of musculoskeletal mechanisms and of sensorimotor information in the CNS The central question is to determine whether the age-related alteration of the postural adaptation...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... preparation of the manuscript SL performed some of the cell experiments DB performed ELISA assays, bioassays, and some of the transfection experiments AT contributed to the conception of the study and the ... For the simultaneous comparison of the survivin levels in more than two groups the equality of variance F test was employed The inter-relation between the survivin levels and duration of the ... of survivin, departing from the level of survivin that corresponded to a mean + three standard deviations of the control group as a cut-off The difference in the mean survivin level between the...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 06:22

... is the effective diffusion of the toxin, τd is the depletion time of toxin in the bulk, K* = R0/(R0 + K1) [6] It can be seen that the parameter * and depletion time τd (if the depletion of toxin ... respect to the concentration of receptor due to the high concentration of receptors on the surface of living cells and the high toxicological effect (lethal dose) of the most toxins of interest ... in [17]) The process of toxin internalization (i.e flux of toxin through the cell surface) can be modelled in this case as a given rate of toxin removal from the whole system [9] Then the WMS...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 16:20

... Many of these targets are known cell cycle regulators, although none of these interactions are sufficient to explain the oncogenic potential of this locus The specific mechanisms of either the ... interactions with other members of the network In mammalian cells, miRNAs generally affect the protein output of a gene by inhibiting the translation of the mRNA However, by changing the levels of a transcriptional ... the levels of mRNAs from other genes, which may include other targets of the miRNA If the mRNA levels of a miRNA target are increased sufficiently, then this target will be able to overcome the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:22

... action of diphtheria toxin: a perspective on progress during the 20th century Toxicon 39, 1793–1803 Pappenheimer AM (1977) Diphtheria toxin Annu Rev Biochem 46, 69–94 Collier RJ (1975) Diphtheria toxin: ... 1708–1722 ª 2008 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2008 FEBS 1709 Activation and translocation of diphtheria toxin T El Hage et al Fig Kinetics of the appearance of DT and mDT in the endo-lysosomal ... (1993) Evidence for involvement of furin in cleavage and activation of diphtheria toxin J Biol Chem 268, 26461–26465 Activation and translocation of diphtheria toxin Papini E, Rappuoli R, Murgia...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 07:20

... Determination of the level of RNA products of the H19 gene The PCR reactions were carried out in 25 μl volumes in the presence of ng/μl of each of the forward and the reverse primers using 0.05 units/μl of ... present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of expression vectors carrying the "A" fragment of the diphtheria toxin (DT-A) gene under the control of the H19 regulatory sequences in ... Discussion The present work shows the use of the regulatory sequences of the H19 gene for the development of DNAbased therapy for human ovarian cancer related ascites The successful development of anti-tumor...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 15:20

... and NcoI, and the insert of the luciferase gene (luc) was replaced by the Diphtheria toxin A chain (DTA) coding region to yield the H19-DTA construct The DTA gene was prepared from the pIBI30-DT-A ... relative to each of the single promoter constructs carrying either DTA DNA sequence alone (H19-DTA or P4-DTA) Therefore we further evaluated the therapeutic potential of the double promoter toxin vector ... 0.1N for 15-sec (The bladder is rather resistant to implantation of cells, and therefore it is necessary to create abrasions in the bladder mucosa of the anesthetized rodent either by acid, in...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... until the end of the 14th century Illiteracy was not seen as a problem until the end after the invention of printing in the 15th century The first significant decline in illiteracy came with the ... Do you mind if I turn off the air- conditioner? B Do you have someone turn off the air-conditioner? C Do you have the air-conditioner turn off? D Do you delay turning off the air-conditioner? ... Printing was invented in the century a 14th b 15th c 18th d 20th According to the passage, which did not influence the problems of illiteracy? a Translation of The Bible b The reformation c Revolutionary...

Ngày tải lên: 23/11/2013, 10:11

... corresponds to the functional state, which initiates the translocation of the catalytic domain Here, the data allowed identification of the core of the protein in the N state and the evolution of the overall ... approximation of how the dimer should be formed because the overall packing of the T-domain might be different from that in the model of the whole diphtheria toxin Accessibility changes within diphtheria ... analyzing the effect of ionic strength on the membrane penetration of the T domain For this reason, we investigated the effect of NaCl on the solvent accessibility of the domain The cyan circles of...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... him how the mind of the rich are different than that of the poor When the poor see something that they desire but is beyond their current budget they say, “I can’t afford that.” While the rich ... example of a key indicator is the number of cold calls that you will make After deciding the key indicator you set a goal for that specific key indicator This step is to help you identify the most ... world.” – Archimedes Leverage is the ability to exert minimal effort for maximal achievement An example of this is “OPK” or in other words, other people’s knowledge One of the greatest ways to use leverage...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 12:20

... b sheet with the b12 of the other monomer, and towards the C-terminus, the subsequent residues, Phe182Lys186, pass through the a2 vicinity of the other monomer For the FeR dimer, the N-terminal ... Resolution of the structure of NADP+-bound FeR revealed that the nicotinamide moiety of NADP+ faces the re-side of the isoalloxazine ring, and that the 2Â-P-AMP moiety is held in the groove between the ... in the binding of the phosphate group(s) of FMN or FAD Lys92 forms a salt bridge with the O3P of FMN A salt bridge that involves avin species has not been reported in the structures of the other...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 02:20

... as the molecular mass of the native peptide was consistent with the oxidation of the corresponding thiol groups, in order to form the last missing disulfide bridge Furthermore, this is one of the ... allowed the identification of the heterodimeric peptide correspondent to the C-terminal region of the toxin (residues M62 to A72) The automatic sequencer showed Met for amino acid of position 1; the ... in the first line (PhTx) and two additional groups of sequences are shown thereafter The first group (11 sequences) is from the a-ScTXs, the second is from the b-ScTXs Birtoxin is the shortest The...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 16:20