crystal thin film and nanostructure growth technologies

... images of ZnO films with various growth angles ZnO films at (a-1) 0°, (b-1) 15°, and (c-1) 30° growth angles and their enlarged images (a-2, b-2, and c-2) Figure shows the XRD patterns and grain ... electrodeposited ZnO thin films Thin Solid Films 2008, 516:3893-3898 Bragg WL, Bragg WH: The Crystalline State New York: McMillan; 1933 15 30 o Growth angle ( ) Figure Reflectance of ZnO films vs growth angles ... size (nm) (b) 400 15 30 o Growth angle ( ) Figure XRD patterns of ZnO films vs growth angles (a) X-ray spectra and (b) grain sizes ZnO film at 59.01 nm The 0° growth- angled film has the smallest...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... of the thin film In order to generate the new piezoelectric thin film, a crystal growth process of the thin film should be predicted accurately The stable crystal cluster of the thin film, which ... the thin film and the substrate crystals Therefore, the numerical analysis scheme of the crystal growth process, which can find the best combination of the thin film and the substrate crystal, ... calculated and the crystal growth potential was derived However, the epitaxially grown thin film crystal is in a multi-axial state Therefore, the numerical results of the crystal energy of thin films...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 09:20

... Zhmakin and Yu.N Makarov Chapter 11 Crystal Growth and Stoichiometry of Strongly Correlated Intermetallic Cerium Compounds 263 Andrey Prokofiev and Silke Paschen Part 213 Growth of Thin Films and ... Liangbi Su and Jun Xu Chapter Defect Engineering During Czochralski Crystal Growth and Silicon Wafer Manufacturing Lukáš Válek and Jan Šik 43 Chapter Growth and Characterization of Doped CaF2 Crystals ... Part Bulk Crystal Growth Chapter New Class of Apparatus for Crystal Growth from Melt Aco Janićijević and Branislav Čabrić Chapter Growth and Characterization of Ytterbium Doped Silicate Crystals...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 09:20

... group and 300 – 350 nm group 3.2.1 Raman spectrum of WO3 thin films on ITO layers with thickness, altering from 150 to 250nm Figure shows XRD and Raman spectra of WO3 powder sample and WO3 films, ... difference in structure between WO3 films and WO3 powder sample and between one film to another These numbers show no difference in structure between WO3 powder and WO3 films However, we could not eliminate ... peaks 803cm-1; 797cm-1; 703cm-1 and 678cm-1 proves that in our thin films, there are two types of crystalline structures: m-WO3 phase with 803 cm-1 and 703cm-1 and t-WO3 phase or o-WO3 phase with...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 03:20

... 4f5/2 and W 4f7/2 are found to lie at 37.1 and 35.20 eV, respectively and are contributed to lattice tungsten in the WO3 crystal 3.2 Gas sensing properties of the thin film sensors Results and discussion ... mixture and in air, respectively Fig X-ray diffraction patterns of the thin films annealed at different temperatures pattern and the result indicates that the sample was amorphous or in a weak polycrystalline ... Chemistry and Physics 69 (2001) 176–179 177 air at 120◦ C for 15 In order to obtain the crystalline films, the heat treatment was performed on the dried films at 150, 350 and 500◦ C for 10 h 2.2 Thin...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 13:12

... Fast Growth of Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Thin- Film for Thin- Film Silicon Solar Cells 359 Jhantu Kumar Saha and Hajime Shirai Chapter 18 Chemical Surface Deposition of CdS Ultra Thin Films ... second-generation thin- film solar modules and has resulted in building the powerful solar plants in several countries around the world Thin- film technologies using direct-gap semiconductors such as CIGS and ... the traditional thinfilm technologies and are already offering such commercial thin- film modules Concluding this part of the analysis, one must agree, nevertheless, that wafer and ribbon silicon...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... 2(mnkT/2ħ2)3/2 and Nv = 2(mpkT/2ħ2)3/2 are the effective density of states in the conduction and valence bands, mn and mp are the effective masses of electrons and holes, and no and po are the ... 12/0.1, 12/0.3, 6/0.1, and 6/0.3 μm) which are designed and 48 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies used to study the TR and DR rates of the 304BA SS substrate The stripe width and depth of the samples ... best thin- film CdS/CdTe solar cells (16-17%) 32 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies The enhancement of  from 16-17% to 27-28% is possible if the carrier lifetime increases to   10–6 s and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... Cu2O/SnO2 film and Fig 10 for Cu2O/ITO film Fig Coefficient vs wavelength for Cu2O/SnO2 film Fig 10 Coefficient  vs wavelength  for Cu2O/ITO film 62 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies ... Mathew X., (1996), Thin Solid Films, 288, 69-75 Stareck, U.S Patents 2, 081, 121 Decorating Metals, 1937 76 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies Wang L and Tao M (2007) Fabrication and Characterization ... Springer and M Vanecek (2004) TCO and light trapping in silicon thin film solar cells Sol Energy Vol 77, pp 917., ISSN: 0038-092X Nishikawa Y., T Nagasawa, K Fujiwara, M Osawa (1993) Silver island films...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... Cu2O thin films are changed to p-type when the films are annealed at 300 oC CuO thin films are photoactive and p-type in a PEC containing 0.1 M sodium acetate 100 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies ... Cu2O thin film annealed at 500˚C 102 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies Fabrication and characterisation of CuO/Cu2O heterojunction In order to fabricate CuO/Cu2O thin film hetorojunction, thin ... heterojunction at φ = 05 and 30 degrees and of the electrodeposited Cu2O and CuO thin films and the calculated one of (05Cu2O + 05CuO) Conclusion Single phase polycrystalline Cu2O thin films on Ti substrate...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... simplicity and low cost of fabrication TCO are utilized as transparent electrodes in many types of thin film solar cells, such as a-Si thin film solar cells, CdTe thin film solar cells, and CIGS thin film ... polyand multicrystalline silicon thin film cells, and which cannot be prepared in the typical sizes of thin film technology such as > m², is not the topic of this paper Polycrystalline silicon thin ... properties equivalent to those of ITO, and (3) to review the practical and industrial applications of existing TCO thin films 114 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies 2.1.2 Multiformity of TCOs...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... polyand multicrystalline silicon thin film solar cells to gain increasing significance and may replace microcrystalline silicon cells Multicrystalline silicon also can act as one partner in tandem ... Science, Vol 154-155, pp 123-129 Andrä, G.; Bergmann, J & Falk, F (2005a) Laser crystallized multicrystalline silicon thin films on glass Thin Solid Films, Vol 487, pp 77-80 Andrä, G.; Bergmann, J.; ... efficient thinfilm polycrystalline-silicon solar cells based on aluminum-induced crystallization and thermal CVD Progress in Photovoltaics, Vol 15, pp 575-586 158 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... containment and harness mass The Power Control and Distribution Unit (PCDU) is the electronic unit devoted for the solar array and battery power conditioning and regulation, power distribution and protection, ... system (BIPV) The thin- film solar cell can also provide the advantage of heat insulation and shading when incorporated into a harmonious building design Therefore, the thin- film solar cell is ... economical growth in the near future Currently in Korea, many researchers are conducting 188 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies vigorous research on PV with respect to the application of crystalline...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... diffusion from CdS to the CdTe layer and recrystallization mechanism (McCandless et al., 1997) are the common observed effects 210 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies In the conventional treatment, ... edges of the respective bands, conduction band (CB) in the case of electrons, valence band (VB) in the case of holes, and then diffuse From the band edges, the electrons and holes can recombine, ... post-deposition treatments and affect photocurrent and junction behavior (McCandless & Sites, 2003) Formation of the CdS1-yTey alloy on the S-rich side of the junction reduces the band gap and increases absorption...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films 244 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films were grown with different Ga and Cu ratios (Ga/(In+Ga) = 0.28, 0.34 and 0.35 respectively and Cu/(In+Ga) ... based thin film solar cells, thickness ~ 30 50 nm In such case, the growth of the thin CdS film is known to occur via ion by ion reaction, resulting thus into the growth of dense and homogeneous films ... and CdTe large area thin films processed by radio-frequency planar-magnetron sputtering Thin Solid Films Vol.403-404, February 2002, Pages 148-152 ISSN: 00406090 234 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... “Polycrystalline thin- film photovoltaic technologies: from the laboratory to commercialization” NREL 0-7803-5772-8/00 IEEE 2000 [13] H.S Ullal, B Roedern Thin Film CIGS and CdTe Photovoltaic Technologies: ... shadowing) and better encapsulation Adaptation of the described technology for new application and cell construction, demands deep consideration of all possible solutions 264 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies ... KAPTON® and UPILEX® in higher temperatures was measured The measurements of thermal durability were performed in the temperature range of a standard re- 266 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies crystallization...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... densities and their FWHMs Moreover, while 308 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies Fig Si-H and Si-H2 bond densities in the a-Si:H films fabricated under the various conditions Open and closed ... Intrinsic Thin Layer “HIT” Solar Cells: Sensitivity Issues and Insights Gained 295 where E(P) and Eac(P) represent respectively the mobility band gap and the activation energy of the P-layer, and ... E.; Summonte, C and Rubinelli, F.(2003), Optimization of ITO layers for applications in a-Si/c-Si heterojunction 300 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies solar cells , Thin Solid Films, Vol 425,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... of thin film solar cells on small size substrates, as well as the large-area thin film deposition techniques developed for thin- film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) industry The growth ... cost of thin film PV system into four major parts: Planning and financing: 15% Inverter: 9-10% Balance of system (BOS) and installation: 10-30% Module: 40-66% 338 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies ... from the valance band to the conduction band, creating a free electron and leaving a hole in the valance band Due to the amorphous nature of a-Si and µc-Si films, the electrons and holes haves...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... amorphous and microcrystalline silicon deposited by HW(Cat)CVD Thin Solid Films Vol 430, No 1-2: pp 1-6, ISSN 0040-6090 Schropp, R E I (2006) Amorphous (Protocrystalline) and Microcrystalline Thin Film ... Deposition Technique for Fast Growth of Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Thin- Film for Thin- Film Silicon Solar Cells 365 3.2 Fast deposition of highly crystallized μc-Si:H films with low defect ... Cell Capacity, Shipment and Company Profile Report, IMS Research 17 Novel Deposition Technique for Fast Growth of Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Thin- Film for Thin- Film Silicon Solar Cells...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... control of the film growth and dynamically change the fabrication conditions for polycrystalline or smooth solid films 382 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies Deposition of CdS thin films and structures ... electron and hole effective mass and interband transition, Eg is the optical band gap, and n is equal to for direct band gap material such as CdS The band gap Eg was determined for each film by ... investigated The CdS thin films with 100 nm thickness were deposited by CSD using CdCl2 400 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies cadmium chloride solution Thin polycrystalline CdS films completely...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20

... Uni-Solar brand name) 428 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies and Solarex (later doing business as BP Solar, but in 2002, pulling out of all thin- film PV activities), and also in Japan and Europe ... Corporation (Delaware, and its successor, GE) on developing thin crystalline Si solar cells and modules They delivered 432 Solar Cells – Thin- Film Technologies various cell and module prototypes ... F2 Status and challenges for crystalline silicon film solar cells and modules It is intriguing to use crystalline Si films to make Si PV There is a problem that when depositing such films, silicon...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 11:20