costs benefits and risks of fixed exchange rates

... The Costs, Benefits, and Risks of Fixed Exchange Rates 533 Assessing the Costs and Benefits 533 The Danger of Speculative Attacks 535 Summarizing the Case for a Fixed Exchange Rate 537 Fixed Exchange- Rate ... Supply of and Demand for Dollars 254 Explaining Exchange Rate Movements 256 Government Policy and Foreign Exchange Intervention 258 Learning Tools Tools of the Trade: Following Exchange Rates ... William of Orange created the Bank of England in 1694 for the express purpose of raising taxes and borrowing to finance a war between Austria, England, and the Netherlands on one side and Louis XIV’s...

Ngày tải lên: 04/11/2014, 04:25

... simplified English and Spanish versions were used to estimate the IMT, IBM and language models The corpus consists of 56k sentences of training and a development and test sets of 1.1k sentences ... with variable number of states per character Feature extraction consisted on speed and size normalisation of pen positions and velocities, resulting in a sequence of vectors of six features (Toselli ... Liberman, and Stan Janet e 1994 Unipen project of on-line data exchange and recognizer benchmarks In Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pages 29– 33 [Koehn and Haddow2009]...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... interpolating a number of LMs/TMs Two famous examples of such methods are linear mixtures and log-linear mixtures (Koehn and Schroeder, 2007; Civera and Juan, 2007; Foster and Kuhn, 2007) which ... is able to use expertise of both out -of- domain and in-domain systems Bertoldi and Federico, 2009) In this approach, a system is trained on the parallel OUT and IN data and it is used to translate ... models or Product of Experts (Hinton, 1999), the probability of the ensemble model or a rule is computed as the product of the probabilities of all components (or equally the sum of log-probabilities,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 19:20

... callee’s location and type of phone (of ce, cell) Here is a small fragment of a typical dialog with the system: S0 = First and last name? ˜ A0 = “John Doe” [A0 = Jane Roe ] S1 = Jane Roe Office or cell? ... consists of an alternating sequence of system actions and observed user actions: x = ˜ ˜ (S0 , A0 , S1 , A1 , ) Here St denotes the system ˜t the output of the ASR engine when action, and A applied ... of 50 runs 4.2 Real Data We tested the three estimation methods from the previous section on a data set of 461 real dialogs, which we split into a training set of 315 dialogs and a test set of...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... decree recently issued a series of control and supervision F+B Beijing Youth Daily reported that Beijing Bureau of Agriculture recently issued a series of prevention and control laws Reference Beijing ... large-scale training data Further study of the two The overall MI trigger model scores (the logarithm of Eq (14)) of the baseline hypothesis and the F+M hypothesis are 2.09 and 2.25 respectively models ... Orlando, FL, April Ahmad Emami, Kishore Papineni, and Jeffrey Sorensen 2007 Large-scale distributed language modeling In Proceedings of ICASSP, pages 37–40, Honolulu, HI, April Andrew Finch and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... backoff In Proceedings of HLTNAACL, short papers, 2003 J Bilmes and G Zweig The Graphical Models ToolKit: An open source software system for speech and time-series processing In Proceedings of ... Witten-Bell interpolated backoff smoothing (Bilmes and Kirchhoff, 2003), according to the backoff graphs in Fig Variables which are the furthest away in time are dropped first, and partial stack variables ... average of 4.48 mandatory semantic stacks As one of our objectives is to test whether BAGEL can learn from data provided by a large sample of untrained annotators, we collected a corpus of semantically-aligned...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... sentences by hand Table shows the effect of the global reordering for two sentences In the first example, we changed the order of two groups of consecutive words and placed an a.dditional copy of the ... o t Table 3: Word error rates (INS/DEL, WER) and sentence error rates (SER) for different transformation steps : f a v o r ' is always moved to the end of the sentence and replaced by the one-word ... categorization and word joining What is striking, is the large fi'action of deletion errors These deletion errors are often caused by the omission of word groups like 'for me please "and "could you...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 23:20

... CUHK MoEMicrosoft Key Laboratory of Human-centric Computing and Interface Technologies We would also like to thank Professor Mari Ostendorf for suggesting the use of continuing chains and Mr Kelvin ... the probability of seeing a lexical chain start / end at a particular instance is independent of the starts / ends of other chains As a result, the probability of seeing a sequence of chain starts ... Hirst, G and St-Onge, D 1998 “Lexical chains as representations of context for the detection and correction of malapropisms”, WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database, pp 305–332 Morris, J and Hirst,...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... Belgium, Denmark and Great Britain; smallest for Germany Taking into account the economy-wide and terms of- trade effects of emissions trading, however, terms -of- trade effects can offset the allocated ... structure of dynamic GTAP and the GTAP-E model for Vietnam for the period of 2004-2025.The model is used to simulate the adoption of alternative carbon tax for Vietnam for the based year of 2004 and ... the CIF (cost, insurance and freight) value of traded commodities Due to lack of information about the price of international transport services of particular commodities and routes provided by...

Ngày tải lên: 26/03/2014, 14:07

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 17:21

... aspects that the theory of phase transitions is one of the pillars of statistical mechanics and, simultaneously, of theoretical physics As a matter of fact, it embraces concepts and ideas that have ... of such phenomena is one of the most interesting results of quantum field theory in the realm of statistical physics This book is a long and detailed journey through several fields of physics and ... concepts of statistical mechanics and phase transitions, in order to give a rapid overview of the different topics of the subject and their physical relevance For the sake of clarity and simplicity,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 10:45

... useful for obtaining a greater understanding of the role of this process in the development of AD-type pathology Unfortunately, knowledge of the extent of complement activation in animal models ... animal models of AD: present knowledge The examination of complement activation in experimental models of AD has been limited to mice and rats The extent of complement activation and its relationship ... detected at months of age, and increases with age; total Aβ burden peaks at one year of age, although the percentage of Aβ that is fibrillar (thioflavin-S reactive) increases up to years of age Matsuoka...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... femora were harvested, cleaned of soft tissue, and fixed in 70% ethanol The femur bone was trimmed above and below the ends of the implant, cleaned of soft-tissue, and fixed in 70% alcohol The specimen ... implant and the bone and soft-tissue pixels adjacent to the edge of the implants were counted Osseointegration was defined as bone-to-implant contact and calculated as the ratio of the number of bone ... 200 and 255), bone pixels (grayscale value between 80 and 200), and soft-tissue pixels (grayscale value between and 80) An edge detection algorithm was used to detect pixels at the perimeter of...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... hardness and the weight percentages of the insoluble parts The mean domain size and the volume fraction of the rubber phase favor that of the water-bath cured specimens Naik and Jabade4 evaluated and ... sample of heat-cure and self-cure material A sample of 50 mg was dissolved in ml of acetone and then 10 ml of methanol was added to the solution to precipitate the polymer The supernatant of solution ... properties of denture base material related to the effect of level of residual monomer, and concluded that the percentage of higher levels of residual monomer effected on the tensile properties of denture...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... procedures were considered: i) standard truncation selection with fixed number of parents and family sizes; and ii) ’optimal selection’ in which the numbers of parents and their contributions are ... with fixed numbers of parents, whereas the second case is dynamic with a constraint on the rate of inbreeding of 2.4.1 Truncation selection With standard truncation selection, a fixed number of ... and the total heritability were av= 0.06, 0.26 and 1.02 by and ht= 0.25, 0.36 and 0.60 for a 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, respectively These The = = = = = = combinations of parameters avoided the loss of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... random and fixed uu cases Because IC and PEV deal with C instead of A-!C°u, they cannot exhibit this kind of disconnectedness for a random factor As shown to the orthogonality between random and ... level j of ) k ( ij the kth fixed factor Boundaries of the criteria of precision The CD of a contrast is the square of correlation between x’u and x which varies i, i between and A value of zero ... real situation and a reference situation The values of the index of connectedness and of the criteria of precision IC and CD located between and The theoretical interpretation of these values...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:22

... 7), whereas the Netherlands is a popular trading partner with countries like Germany, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Belgium and Ireland (factor 8) New-Zealand, Australia and Ireland were positively ... analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript KM modified the WOMBAT software for the needs of this study JJ and WFF provided the datasets EAM, MHL, KM, VD, WFF and JJ supervised the study and ... lowest number of records and weak ties with the other countries The mean number of common bulls between French Red Holstein and the other countries was as low as 9, and those for Latvia and Slovenia...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... Steinberg and Hunter, 1984): maximization of p and A-optimality (maximization of the trace of the coefficient matrix); and t maximization of p and D-optimality (maximization of the determinant of the ... constraints, * whether u is fixed or random Relationship [31] holds for V Zl is the vector of the row sums of Z and is therefore equal to 1, is a linear combination of columns of X and M1 is equal to ... system of constraints for a u * random effect C a treated 0: as fixed will be v’f = fixed effect, Cu 0, corresponds * : 0, where C CA= = = C and C have the same rank and the same number of independent...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 19:22

... distribution of records across herd-year-seasons and other fixed effects Nevertheless, the phenomenon of non orthogonality between the estimation of a contrast of fixed effects and the error of prediction ... vector of fixed effects (sex, year, herd), u is the random vector of breeding values, and X and Z are the corresponding incidence matrices The vector u of breeding values has expectation Qg and ... extension of the theory to the measure of degree of connectedness of random factors is illustrated in this example by calculations of D and &*( for breeding dquo;’ values (table II) Sources of unbalancedness...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20