... Website: www.bkacad.com 11 NetworkLayer Fields • bits • Indicates version of IP used • IPv4: 01 00; IPv6: 01 10 H c vi n m ng Bách khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 12 NetworkLayer Fields • • bits Indicates ... to 5. 1.1 ) H c vi n m ng Bách khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com NetworkLayer Protocols • Protocols implemented at the Networklayer that carry user data include: – Internet Protocol version (IPv4)* ... Protocol version (IPv6)* – Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) – AppleTalk – Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet) H c vi n m ng Bách khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com The roles of IPv4 protocol...
... Physical Layer Signaling and Encoding • • • Manchester Encoding: bit values are represented as voltage transitions – 1: low voltage to high voltage – 0: high voltage to low voltage One voltage ... wireless network media H c vi n m ng Bách khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com Physical Layer Protocols & Services • The OSI Physical layer provides the means to transport across the network media the bits ... Physical layer specifications that enable the implementation of the Layer General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) protocol to provide data transfer over mobile cellular telephony networks H c vi n m...
... client-server communication H c vi n m ng Bách khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 43 Labs H c vi n m ng Bách khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 44 Summary H c vi n m ng Bách khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com 45 ... messenger, or view web pages while also viewing the video H c vi n m ng Bách khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com Controlling the Conversation • • Segmentation and Reassembly Most networks have a limitation ... Application layer data, whereas each UDP segment only has bytes of overhead UDP is a simple, connectionless protocol, described in RFC 768 It has the advantage of providing for low overhead data delivery,...
... an internetwork Examples of intermediary network devices are: – Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points) – Internetworking Devices (routers) – Communication Servers and ... processes H c vi n m ng Bách khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com End Devices and their Role on the Network • The network devices that people are most familiar with are called end devices These devices form ... between the human network and the underlying communication network Some examples of end devices are: – Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers) – Network printers – VoIP phones...
... binary representation of the given address is 1 100 1 101 000 100 00 001 001 01 00 100 111 If we set 32−28 rightmost bits to 0, we get 1 100 1 101 000 100 00 001 001 01 00 100 00 or 2 05 . 16.37.32 This is actually ... representation of the given address is 1 100 1 101 000 100 00 001 001 01 00 100 111 If we set 32 − 28 rightmost bits to 1, we get 1 100 1 101 000 100 00 001 001 01 00 101 111 or 2 05 . 16.37 .47 This is actually the ... dotted-decimal notation 19.12 Example 19 .4 Find the class of each address a 00000 001 00 001 011 00 001 011 11 101 111 b 1 100 000 1 100 000 11 00 01 101 1 11111111 c 14. 23.1 20. 8 d 252 .5. 15. 111 Solution a The first bit...
... tes of data ( 40 − 20) 20. 23 Example 20 .4 An IPv4 packet has arrived with the first few hexadecimal digits as shown 0x 45 000 02 800 0 100 000 102 How many hops can this packet travel before being dropped? ... Checksum Options 20. 9 Figure 20 .4 Position of IPv4 in TCP/IP protocol suite 20. 10 Figure 20 .5 IPv4 datagram format 20. 11 Figure 20. 6 Service type or differentiated services 20. 12 Note The precedence ... packet headers 20 .44 Figure 20. 17 Extension header types 20. 45 Table 20. 10 Comparison between IPv4 options and IPv6 extension headers 20 .46 20 -4 TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6 Because of the huge number...
... Ethernet multicast physical address is in the range 01 :00 :5E :00 :00 :00 to 01 :00 :5E:7F:FF:FF 21. 45 Example 21.7 Change the multicast IP address 2 30 .43 . 14. 7 to an Ethernet multicast physical address Solution ... for 2 25. 14. 0.0 c Time 50 : The timer for 238.71 .0. 0 in host B expires, and a membership report is sent, which is received by the router and every host d Time 70: The timer for 2 30 .43 .0. 0 in host ... 1 30. 23 .43 . 20 and physical address B2: 34 :55 : 10: 22: 10 has a packet to send to another host with IP address 1 30. 23 .43 . 25 and physical address A4:6E:F4 :59 :83:AB The two hosts are on the same Ethernet network...
... send a packet with destination address 1 20. 14. 64. 0 to 1 20. 14. 127. 255 to the regional ISP 22. 20 Figure 22.9 Hierarchical routing with ISPs 22.21 Figure 22. 10 Common fields in a routing table 22.22 ... 1 80. 70. 65. 1 40 Solution The router performs the following steps: The first mask (/26) is applied to the destination address The result is 1 80. 70. 65. 128, which does not match the corresponding network ... path tree 22 . 40 Table 22.2 Routing table for node A 22 .41 Figure 22. 24 Areas in an autonomous system 22 .42 Figure 22. 25 Types of links 22 .43 Figure 22.26 Point-to-point link 22 .44 Figure 22.27...