ch04 methods of reducing deterioration

... (7 of 7) [4/24/2004 5:48:15 PM] Fruit and vegetable processing - Ch04 Methods of reducing deterioration Chapter Methods of reducing deterioration Contents - Previous - Next A knowledge of deterioration ... Chapter Deterioration factors and their control 3.1 Enzymic changes 3.2 Chemical changes 3.3 Physical changes 3.4 Biological changes Chapter Methods of reducing deterioration 4.1 Technical methods of ... factors controlling the rate of food DETERIORATION reactions are mainly: a b c d Effect of temperature; Effect of water activity (aw); Effect of gas atmosphere; Effect of light Contents - Previous...

Ngày tải lên: 05/04/2015, 17:22

... involves the use of mercury lamps, which generate 90% of their energy at a wavelength of 253.7 nanometers Exposure of bacteria to UV results in cross-linking of the thymine dimers of the DNA in ... 2001.6,7 CONTROL OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION Microbial contamination of fruit can occur at all stages of growth, harvesting, storage, and processing The surfaces of fresh fruits are often contaminated ... reduce microbial contamination of juice, many experts believe that the use of a kill step such as pasteurization rather than prevention of contamination is the best means of eliminating E coli O157:H7...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 21:20

... identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication ... modifications of the spectral characteristics of audio signal, recoding and reproduction of digital audio and video, edition of digital material, and so forth Another important application of the digital ... to the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, for ongoing sponsorship in terms of generous allocation of online and off-line Internet, WWW, hardware and software resources, and other editorial...

Ngày tải lên: 01/06/2014, 01:20

... the University of Genoa, Italy In 1995-1996, he was a Visiting Professor at the University of Trento, Italy, and from 1996 to 1999, he was Assistant Professor at the University of Cagliari, Italy ... Full Professor of telecommunications at the University of Trento, where he coordinates the didactic activities of the B.S and M.S courses in telecommunications engineering He is Deputy Head of the ... system A key aspect of the developed prototype is the use of low-cost consumer electronics in order to ease the market penetration of potential products Finally, the problem of assuring the privacy...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

... counting of nematodes revealed a strong effect of the green manure of B.juncea on nematode control The average number of larvae found was almost four times lower in the presence of the biofumigant ... production AMOUNT OF REAGENTS Waste cooking oil (mL) Amount of methanol (6:1) (mL) Amount of methanol (9:1) (mL) Amount of NaOH grams (0.5%p/p) Amount of NaOH grams (0.7%p/p) Amount of HCl grams (0.5% ... the degree of unsaturation of biodiesel Both EN and ASTM standard methods measure the IV by addition of an iodine/chlorine reagent Biodiesel viscosity is directly correlated to the IV of biodiesel...

Ngày tải lên: 26/06/2014, 23:21

... counting of nematodes revealed a strong effect of the green manure of B.juncea on nematode control The average number of larvae found was almost four times lower in the presence of the biofumigant ... the effect of the green manure of B.juncea on nematode infection, countings of Meloidogyne spp were carried out on soil samples taken from both sides of the field while effects on yield of crops ... the degree of unsaturation of biodiesel Both EN and ASTM standard methods measure the IV by addition of an iodine/chlorine reagent Biodiesel viscosity is directly correlated to the IV of biodiesel...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... production AMOUNT OF REAGENTS Waste cooking oil (mL) Amount of methanol (6:1) (mL) Amount of methanol (9:1) (mL) Amount of NaOH grams (0.5%p/p) Amount of NaOH grams (0.7%p/p) Amount of HCl grams (0.5% ... /Publicaciones/cuadernillo_web.pdf) The availability of water acts on the soaking of seeds, on the subsequent growth of the seedling The water excess decreases the amount of air in the soil 2.3.2 Pests Pests of early-onset (e.g ... catalysts "This type of catalysis has the advantage of allowing the use of alcohol with high content of water (more than 3%), low temperatures, which is an energy-saving and high degrees of acidity in...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... of biodiesel, none seems capable of displacing fossil diesel Table shows a comparison of the oil yields of some sources of biodiesel, the land area for their cultivation, and the percentage of ... productivity of continuous processes Substrates and raw material The demand for the inexpensive production of biofuels has intensified due to increasing concerns of climate change, depletion of petroleum-based ... being seriously considered because of the large oil yields it shows compared with other oilseeds The Office of Fuels Development, a division of the Department of Energy, funded a program from 1978...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... exploitation of biological wastes as an obvious source for biofuel generation is a major focus of research and development efforts associated with this generation of biofuel One of the third ... limited because of two reasons: 1) the photon absorption rate of the chlorophyll antennae of upper layers of cells far exceeds the rate of their utilization hence there is a loss of excess photons ... Processing Technologies biofuel involves biological processing of lignocellulosic biomass as the basis for development of second generation biofuel systems The development of commercial-scale efficient...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... conditions were conducted at 280 °C of temperature, 12.7 MPa of pressure, 30 of reaction time and 1:40 of seeds-to-methanol ratio at 450 rpm of stirring rate Samples of the biodiesel obtained from ... calorific value of JCL biodiesel was 39.3 MJ/kg, which was almost 88% of the calorific value of diesel (44.8 MJ/kg) The lower calorific value of JCL is because of the presence of oxygen in the ... temperature causes the polarity of methanol to decrease, as a result of the breakdown of the hydrogen bonding of methanol, leading to an increased in the solubility of fatty acids in methanol The...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... process The use of solid heterogeneous catalysts might enhance the technical and economical feasibility of using supercritical transesterification as a result of the ease of separation of the catalysts ... preparation of biodiesel using a scientific microwave apparatus offers a fast, easy route to this valuable biofuel with advantages of a short reaction time, a low oil/methanol ratio, and an ease of operation ... effectiveness of the Taguchi technique after the optimum levels of process parameters are determined (Mahamuni et al., 2010) Future development Most reports are aimed to the obtaining of biofuels of first-generation...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... processing, utilization of heat of reaction for evaporation of liquid phase, simple temperature control of reactor, possibility of influencing chemical equilibria by removal of products and limitations ... (TAC) These design degrees of freedom include pressure, reactive tray holdup, number of reactive trays, location of reactant feed streams, number of stripping trays, number of rectifying trays, reflux ... Characterization of Biodiesel Fig a) View of experimental lab apparatus of Reactive distillation 299 300 Biodiesel – Feedstocks and Processing Technologies Fig b) Schematic Diagram of Experimental Setup of...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... yield of almost 100% under the conditions: sodium silicate of 3.0 wt %, a molar ratio of methanol/oil of 7.5:1, reaction time of 60 min, reaction temperature of 60 ºC, and stirring rate of 250 ... maximum load of 3.78 kW, whereas corresponding value of normal diesel was 294C only Percentage increase of EGT of RBOBD decreased with the increase of load Maximum increase (40%) of EGT was found ... conversion yield of 48.9 wt% was obtained at 60 oC for reaction time of h 2.1.3 Heteropoly acids (HPAs) A heteropoly acid is a class of acid made up of a particular combination of hydrogen and...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... biodiesel A 96.6% of conversion rate was obtained under conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 7:1, amount of catalyst of 3.0 wt.%, reaction temperature of 65 oC and reaction time of 60 While a ... Fig Scheme of a typical acid solid-catalyzed process of FFA esterification in liquid phase 2.5.2 The effect of support on catalytic activity of HPW composites The low surface area of solid H3PW12O40, ... its mass determined Losses of mass through of these several steps may be occurring A more detailed treatment of the recovery procedure of catalyst may lead to efficient methods, which can reaches...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... special methods can be used, such as orthogonal collocation, the Galerkin method, or finite element methods The general solution of the system is a set of points of C as a function of z, t and r Often ... (2001) and others, the principal advantage of the use of adsorbers in biodiesel refining is that of reducing the amount of wastewater and sparing the cost of other more expensive operations such ... concluded that a minimum of 35 grams of water per gram of biodiesel at 50 C were needed to efficiently remove the impurities of the fuel (3000-5000 litres of water per Ton of biodiesel) These numbers...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... Biofuels 26 1.6.2 Second Generation of Biofuels 27 1.6.3 Third Generation of Biofuels 28 1.6.4 Fourth Generation of Biofuels 28 1.6.5 Beyond Fourth Generation Biofuels ... http://www.fapri.iastate.edu/tools/outlook.aspx.) 1.6.2 Second Generation of Biofuels The second generation of biofuels consists of the utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of liquid biofuels The lignocellulosic biomass ... Generation of Biofuels The first generation of biofuels consists of the conversion of high saccharide content and high lipid content biomass to ethanol and biodiesel through the processes of esterification...

Ngày tải lên: 27/01/2016, 15:29

... Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds at the Inlet and Outlet of Air Filtration Unit #2 of the TDC of CH2M HILL, 31 Emissions to the Air of Metals from the TDC of CH2M HILL, 32 Stack Emissions of ... president of the National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of S ­ ciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding ... filtration system (AFS) Offgas Venturi scrubber Effluent Permeate Rejectate Filters Effluent Reverse osmosis Energetics offgas treatment system Offgas Offgas Particulate filter Offgas Offgas Particulate...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 10:20

... selection of breeding stock, before many of the rearing costs had been incurred However, until now the reliability of juvenile predictors has often been low The use of molecular markers potentially offers ... Professor Toldrá is the editor of the journal Trends in Food Science and Technology, editor-in-chief of the new journal Current Nutrition & Food Science, and a member of the editorial boards of ... 2004 The state of agricultural commodity markets Geneva: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDA 2003, October 31 Executive summary of the assessment of safety of animal cloning...

Ngày tải lên: 16/04/2014, 13:05

... the surface of the sample Because of the high thickness of the aluminium hydroxide layer formed on the surface of AlN particles, the soft 215 Last Advances in Aqueous Processing of Aluminium ... films, the thickness of which depend on the type of de-waxing atmosphere The results of EDS analysis of the inter-granular films revealed that they consist of different proportions of Y, O, Al and ... populations, reducing the density and the general properties of the ultimate products Other consequences of hydrolysis reactions include an increase of pH and the destabilization of the suspensions...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20

... volume fraction of interfaces with a strong bond energy, the absence of dislocations inside crystallites, the possibility of obtaining films with a controllable ratio of volume fractions of crystalline ... investigation of the features of the structural and phase formation of the SHS compact synthesis products, depending on the preparation method of the reactionary mixture and the ratio of main reagents ... size of ~3 μm A more detailed investigation of the alloy microstructure showed [38, 41] that the grains of the Mn+1AXn phases consist of numerous 100–300 nm thick layers (Fig 2a) The structure of...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20