cellular and molecular bases of functional activity

... (HN) B-D and I-K are higher magnification views of cleithrum boxed in A and H, respectively Operculum of a DMSO control (E-G) and Mtz treated larva (L-N) Note: Loss of CFP and absence of mineralization ... rerio), to gain better understanding of the cellular and molecular processes involved in skeletal development To examine the role of osteoblasts in development of the vertebral column, I created ... Regeneration of ablated osx:CFP-NTR cells Fig 10 Lrp5 and Sost are conserved at the sequence level Fig 11 Early embryonic expression of lrp5 and sost Fig 12 lrp5 and sost expression at 24 and 48 hpf...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 08:43

... processes by which cellular organisation emerges in embryos Although we often have very good descriptions of how a particular organ forms and of the nature of the participating cells and molecular constituents, ... Chapter covers the molecular basis of morphogenesis and discusses the roles played here by the extracellular environment, the cell membrane and the intracellular cytoskeleton Chapters and describe ... (was he so wrong?) and hence within the egg At this point, reasonable scientific study was abandoned by many biologists and wish became the father of thought and the grandfather of observation:...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 11:21

... targets and with overlapping cellular outcomes, the sequence and structure of the activity domain of PMT differ considerably from those of the other dermonecrotic toxins [3] and point to a clear functional ... example of convergent toxin evolution In this review, we focus on PMT and our current understanding of the structure–function, mechanism of action and cellular consequences of this newest member of ... transduction and physiological processes The functional B components (domains or subunits) of A–B toxins bind to host cell receptors and facilitate the cellular uptake and delivery of the functional...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 15:21

... known whether p-BSQ of CS causes apoptosis and emphysematous lung damage We have addressed this question for better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of emphysema, so that ... and Bcl-2 of the lung extracts of guinea pigs exposed to air or CS supplemented with A, Immunoblots of caspase 3, PARP, A, Immunoblots of caspase 3, PARP, Bax and Bcl-2 of the lung extracts of ... mean perimeter (contour length) of air space and A is the area of air space [6] The number of air spaces and the S/V values calculated after 7, 14 and 21 days of smoke exposure are significantly...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 08:22

... partially oxidized and the signal of the reduced species increased as a result of oxidation Identification of the active isoform Because of disulfide scrambling HPLC-purified isoforms rapidly re-equilibrate, ... an association time of 300 s and a dissociation of 180 s under a constant flow rate of 20 lLÆmin)1 at 25 °C The sensorgram profile of each run was subtracted by the signal of the irrelevant peptide ... the N- and the C-termini and the shortened analogues were assessed for binding of mAb BH216 (Fig 4) The five first amino acids of the N-terminus were omitted without any loss of binding activity...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... Popoff, M R., Milward, F W., Bancillon, B., and Boquet, P (1989) Purification of the Clostridium spiroforme binary toxin and activity of the toxin on HEp-2 cells Infect Immun 57, 2462-2469 Popoff, ... virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants in mice and insects Journal of Bacteriology 182, 3843-3845 158 Jefferson, K.K., Smith, M.F Jr., and Bobak, D.A (1999) Roles of intracellular calcium and ... Molecular structure of F-actin and location of surface binding sites Nature 348, 217-221 167 Ming, L J., and Epperson, J D (2002) Metal binding and structure -activity relationship of the metalloantibiotic...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 15:54

... of the resulting oxocarbenium cation via charge-charge chelation of the positive NC1 of ADP-ribose by negative carboxylate group of Glu380 and Ser388 side chain (Fig 5.5B); and the transfer of ... the OE1 of Glu380 and NO2 of the ribose ring in order to form a highly folded compact ring-like conformation of the NMN moiety 130 (Fig 5.5A); the cleavage of NAD by H-bond formation of the nicotinamide ... (penicillin and cephalosporins) may involve CDT binding and steric blockage owing to structural propensity towards engagement and inactivation of transpeptidases (Rogers and Forsberg, 1971) Of the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 15:54

... concentration Similar pattern and magnitude in mRNA production of cdtA and cdtB and absence of consensus promoter sequence upstream of cdtB, suggest possible bicistronic configuration of cdt operon Compared ... (Pothoulakis and Lamont 2001) In fact, inactivation of toxin substrate, Rho protein was reported to increase cellular and blood-lumen permeability through weakening of tight junction and disruption of ... effector of Rac and Cdc42) and involvement of PKA in cancer migration characterized by increased mature focal adhesions and stress fiber contractility (O'Connor and Mercurio, 2001) and promoted...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 15:54

... W Hurley and Cuong C Nguyen, “The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibioticassociated diarrhea (2002)” discontinuance of use of offending antibiotic and commencement of efficacious ... modification of toxin B histidine residue of the nucleotide-binding site to glutamine resulted in 90% loss of toxic activity (Aktories and Just 1995; Hofmann, Busch et al 1997) The enzymatic activity of ... (TSS) and start codons of both toxin A (169 bases) and toxin B (239 bases) promoter regions typical among clostridial sequences These are strong indication of its role in the positive regulation of...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 15:54

... role of CDT toxin in pathogenesis Unison mRNA expression of cdtA and cdtB was suggestive of bicistronic conformation of the cdt operon, supported by regulatory elements found upstream of cdtA and ... love and compassion, my beloved parents and Boom Boom for their relentless sacrifices and from whom I have derived most of my strength and inspiration through all these trying years ii Table of ... addition, activation of caspase-3 and inability of CDT to mediate phosphoinactivation of BAD (Bcl-activated death promoter) is suggestive of CDT’s commitment to apoptosis Activation of opposing mitogenic...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 15:54

... specific activity of HYDJs was about three times higher than that of HYDBp, and five times higher than that of HYDPf (Table 1) As the activity of HYDPf at the whole-cell level was lower than that of ... M, molecular weight standard The arrow indicates expression of GroEL Table Relative activity of whole cells co-expressing HYDJs with GroEL–GroES towards D,L-p-HPH The indication of pGro7 and ... pocket and the hydrophobicity of the residues near the exocyclic substituent of the substrate play an important role in d-hydantoinase activity [35] Superimposition of the structures of HYDJs ˚ and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 08:20

... acid and different amounts of protein samples Decrease in O2 concentration was monitored for and the enzymatic activity was calculated from the initial rate of O2 uptake One unit of LOX activity ... reaction products of the hazelnut LOX were compared with the reaction products of soybean LOX type I and authentic standards of 9- and 13-HODE As shown in Fig 4, 9-HODE is the main product of the hazelnut ... composition of 13- and 9-HPOD conclude that a 9-LOX is largely responsible for the LOX activity in immature hazelnut seed In order to correlate LOX activity and the production of C6 and C9 aldehydes...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 00:20

... phosphorylation of its effector protein CagA into various host cells is a hallmark of CagT4SS activity Despite the molecular characterization of a number of effects in host cells, the exact function of CagA ... well as in the molecular mechanisms of effector protein secretion This minireview describes the composition of the cagPAI and the properties of both conserved and unique components of the Cag-T4SS, ... potential implications for the current understanding of its mode of action The cagPAI and the Cag type IV secretion apparatus Gene arrangement and variants of the cagPAI The cagPAI, which was originally...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 00:21

... and 2,6-DMP were pH 5.6 and 3.4 UÆmg protein)1 and pH 4.6 and 2.8 UÆmg protein)1, respectively In standard assay mixtures, the velocity of ABTS oxidation was maximal at 45 °C The dependence of ... laccase activity and lac1 expression under these growth conditions A better understanding of the role(s) played by individual laccase isoforms in sporophore development should aid the development of ... Amounts of laccase mRNA and laccase activity in 10-day-old cultures of T versicolor were a direct function of concentrations of the laccase inducers, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) and XYL but no induction...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 15:20

... blue) and standard (magenta) substrates after ns of MD (C) Overlay of positions of N-propionyl modified (light blue) and standard (magenta) substrates after ns of MD (D) Molecular surface of the ... hydrolysis of N-formyl, N-glycolyl and N-propionyl derivatives of the standard N-acetyl substrate) than A oryzae (2–5% hydrolysis) The cloning and sequencing of PoHex and analysis of the corresponding ... buffer system of Laemmli [21] (Fig 1C, lanes and 9, respectively) Another protein band with a 2470 Fig Optimization of PoHex production and purification (A), (B) Time course of secretion of PoHex from...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 23:20

... mutational rates of the exon of the 3FTx genes are much faster than those of the PLA genes, leading to high variation of KBf-3FTx Cloning and cDNA sequencing Venom glands of only one of the KBf specimens ... present in B candidus venom, while 3FTx-RK is 84% identical to bucain [25] of B candidus Calcium binding and kinetic parameter of the P31-PLAs Four PLAs (Va, Vb-2, VI and II) of KBf and Bf contain ... the prey of Bf and king cobra consists mainly of snakes and reptiles, which are distinct from those of other kraits (e.g B candidus and B multicinctus, which prey on small catfishes, eels and rodents...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 12:20

... solution of AS60 (300 mL) obtained from 100 g of defatted ink powder contained 2.9 g of protein, 0.29 g of hexose, 0.25 g of uronic acid, 0.12 g of methylpentose and 5400 units of tyrosinase activity ... components and was observed as a clear spot corresponding to the position of a protein with pI 4.1 and a molecular mass of 94 kDa The tyrosinase activity of ST94 was also observed by activity staining ... The molecular masses of the subunits of ST94 and ST94t were similar to those of the proenzymes ( 70–80 kDa) and the activated enzymes by proteolysis ( 60–70 kDa) of a bivalve tyrosinase [34] and...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 10:20

... gH and gL (Fig 2) [8] Fusion of viral envelope FEBS Journal 276 (2009) 7228–7236 ª 2009 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2009 FEBS 7229 Cellular and viral mediators of HSV entry J Akhtar and ... proteins and bind a microtubule-dependent, minus end-directed motor, dynein [9] Although most of the tegument proteins are required for activation and modulation of viral gene expression and shut-off ... Interestingly, both uncleaved and cleaved forms of gBs share mixed features of class I and class II viral fusion proteins, and thereby define a new, hybrid class of viral fusogens [6] Class I...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:20

... was 1.8°, the standard deviation of the hydrogen bond energies was 0.7 and overall G-factor, a measure of the normality of the structure, was 0.0 Fig SDS/PAGE and activity analysis of recombinant ... in position With the exception of four a-helices and two pairs of short b-strands, the rest of the protein consists almost entirely of loops connecting the b-strands The loops extending from the ... Denaturation and refolding of reCBH and enzyme assay reCBH (1 mg) was denatured by incubation in a solution of M urea/0.1 M Tris/HCl, pH 8.0, in the presence of 100 mM dithiothreitol and mM EDTA,...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 13:20

... 50% of its activity in the absence of NaTDC The maximal PLA2 specific activity of 400 UÆmg)1 was measured at pH 9.5 and at 37 °C in the presence of mm NaTDC and mm CaCl2 Pure ChPLA2 lost  80% of ... phospholipase activity measured in the absence of CaCl2 and in the presence of 10 mM EDTA or EGTA (B) Effect of increasing concentrations of bile salts (NaTDC) on ChPLA2 activity PLA2 activity was ... 4547 A Karray et al A effect of bile salts on ChPLA2 activity, the rate of hydrolysis of PC by ChPLA2 in the presence of various concentrations of bile salts, at pH 9.5 and at 37 °C, was studied...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 01:20