cardelli apos s metrics and object oriented languages

... is assigned an object created from class C and sc is assigned an object created from class SC Variable c’ is also assigned an object created from class SC This is legal because SCType is a subtype ... language designer wishing to understand the type systems of object- oriented languages and to see how to extend the type systems to increase the expressiveness of these languages The semantics presented ... modules, and Ada s packages ML s signatures and structures later provided similar mechanisms Object- oriented languages introduced the notions of classes and objects Objects contain both state...

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2014, 15:39

... object- oriented languages as follows: • class-based languages: A class forms a template for the generation of new objects It consists of fields and methods A new object is created by new expression ... work: type systems, type-based flow analyses, and flow subtyping constraints Section 2.1 provides some basic background on type system and introduces a standard type system for a core objectoriented ... analyses eventually produce and solve flow subtyping constraints, we can regard them as constraint-based analyses Aiken [6] defines a constraintbased analysis as consisting of two parts: constraint...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:01

... object present is such a system is a sensor A class called Sensor would be defined and used to model physical sensors The class would define the basic characteristics of any Sensor, such as its location, ... all sensors, and then more specialized classes that describe specific sensors such as temperature or pressure sensors, each based on the original general Sensor class Placing attributes and responsibilities ... encapsulated objects can respond to messages and send their own messages to others objects in response Objects in the system interact via well-defined messages with other objects in the system Object...

Ngày tải lên: 22/08/2013, 14:52

... my microwave is an instance of the class microwave The class microwave is a subclass of the class oven, and the class oven is a subclass of the class kitchen appliance Humans classify Everything ... further Cars are a subclass of wheeled vehicles along with other members, such as trucks and pickups Maybe wheeled vehicles are a subclass of vehicles, which include boats and planes — and so on Why ... internals of an oven, you are responsible if it subsequently catches fire and burns down the house Similarly, a class must be able to control access to its data members No sequence of calls to class...

Ngày tải lên: 04/10/2013, 21:20

... Construction Transition Short Use Cases Conceptual Model Prototypes Full Use Cases Class Diagrams Interaction Diagrams State Diagrams Coded Use Cases Analysis Analysis Design Design Code Tested ... as many interested stakeholders as possible Brainstorm suggestions for concepts, capture all the suggestions Once brainstorming is complete, work as a group to discuss and justify each suggestion ... Actors The Purpose of Use Cases Use Case Granularity Use Case Descriptions Use Cases at the Elaboration Phase Finding Use Cases Joint Requirements Planning Workshops (JRP) Brainstorming Advice Summary...

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 14:16

... Object- Oriented Analysis and Design Understanding System Development with UML 2.0 Mike O’Docherty Object- Oriented Analysis and Design Object- Oriented Analysis and Design Understanding System ... Policy Subsystem Design B.5.1 Business Services B.5.2 ServletsLayer Class Diagram B.5.3 ServletsLayer Field List B.5.4 ServletsLayer Message List B.5.5 ServerLayer Class Diagram B.5.6 ServerLayer ... tiddles) { result = "The Smiths and the Joneses share one cat"; } else if (tom.equals(tiddles)) { result = "The Smiths and Joneses have equivalent cats"; } else { result = "The Smiths and the Joneses...

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 09:10

... object present is such a system is a sensor A class called Sensor would be defined and used to model physical sensors The class would define the basic characteristics of any Sensor, such as its location, ... all sensors, and then more specialized classes that describe specific sensors such as temperature or pressure sensors, each based on the original general Sensor class Placing attributes and responsibilities ... encapsulated objects can respond to messages and send their own messages to others objects in response Objects in the system interact via well-defined messages with other objects in the system Object...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 21:16

... systems analysis refers to the first two phases (requirements and analysis phases) and systems design refers to the third phase (design phase) To minimize confusion, this book uses the term product ... Process 456 More on Actors and Use Cases 457 CASE Tools for the Object- Oriented Analysis Workflow 458 Metrics for the Object- Oriented Analysis Workflow 459 Challenges of the Object- Oriented Analysis ... paradigms has major consequences When the classical paradigm is used, there almost always is a sharp transition between the analysis phase and the design phase After all, the aim of the analysis phase...

Ngày tải lên: 07/01/2014, 11:57

... concepts of OOP were glossed over in Chapter 10 This chapter returns to some of the topics previously raised It includes an in-depth discussion of abstract classes, interfaces, and static classes ... pages using the SimpleXMLElement and SOAPClient classes This chapter also shows how asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) can work in unison with PHP See just how easy it is to implement web services ... class and none exists, you can use an existing Bird class by inheriting from it, then modify it to suit your specific situation When one class forms the basis for a new class, as a Bird class...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 15:45

... various plant organ systems arise such complex behaviors as photosynthesis and transpiration Plants consist of three major structures (roots, stems, and leaves), and each of these has its own structure ... approaches to classification in other disciplines, such as biology, linguistics, and psychology, then apply these lessons to the problem of discovering classes and objects in software systems The ... operating systems, database systems, telephony systems, avionics systems, and multimedia applications are being written using object- oriented techniques Indeed, many such projects have chosen to use object- oriented...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 20:20

... immediate superclass as the direct superclass (the converse being the direct subclass) The ancestors of a class is the set of all of its superclasses (the superclass, superclass of the superclass, etc.); ... classes, C1 and C2 The upper class, C1 is the superclass of class C2 ; C2 is, therefore, the subclass of C1 In other words, C2 is a specialisation of C1 Class C1 has slots s1 1 and s1 2 , as ... class is defined as a subclass of another class, the subclass is able to treat the slots and methods of its superclass as if they belonged to it The subclass is applicable to fewer situations than...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 20:20

... organizeclassesso that subclasses may inherit attributes and methods from superclasses ,and to call methods to access specific objects Similarly, an object+ riented database system(OODB) should provide ... facilities available to users of non-OOPLs The users may create classes,objects, inheritance hierarchy, etc.; and the database systemwill store and managethoseobjectsand classes.This approach ... typesor user-defined types.Further,new data types may be createdas new classes, possibly evenassubclasses of existing classes,inheriting their attributes and methods - Object encapsulation is the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 16:20

... Friend classes (Contd.) When all or most of the functions of a particular class have to gain access to your class, you can consider allowing the whole class friend privileges class beta; class alpha{ ... (Contd.) If the same function needed to access objects from different classes it would be most useful to make it a friend of the different classes class Teacher; //forward declaration class Student{ ... Session Objectives Understand the concept of functions with default arguments Define and use Friend functions • advantages • disadvantage • friend classes Describe function overloading...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:21

... Virtual Base Classes • Constructors and Destructors s Use Pointers to Objects to access Member Functions Object Oriented Programming with C++ / Session / of 44 Session Objectives(Contd.) s Describe ... functions s Describe Polymorphism s Describe Dynamic binding s Describe Pure Virtual Functions s Describe Abstract classes s Describe Virtual destructors Object Oriented Programming with C++ / Session ... will use dynamic binding else static binding will be used s Object Oriented Programming with C++ / Session / 35 of 44 Pure Virtual functions s Some classes such as class Shapes, represent abstract...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:21

... from is the superclass The class that inherits properties is the subclass • Defining Objects • An object- oriented program consists of many objects • An object is composed of identity, state (attributes, ... that specifies what instances of the class can, and cannot It is possible to distinguish between the outside and inside view of a class The interface of a class provides its outside view and emphasizes ... behaviors once and then to reuse those behaviors over and over again in the subclasses This is called reusability 42 Inheritance Example Base class is shape, represents the abstract notion of a shape...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 20:20

... Classes 94 Static Math Classes 94 Instances of Static Classes 95 Preventing Instantiation of a Static Class 96 Design Patterns 96 The Singleton ... A S IC S O F O B J E CT -O R IE NT E D PR O G R AM M IN G Class Classes Versus Records A Cohesive Whole Objects Are Instances Objects Need Access ... Services, Inc and Sarah Lemaire Compositor: Riley Hoffman Proofreader: Stephanie Provines For information on book distributors or translations, please contact No Starch Press, Inc directly: No Starch...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 07:20

... concepts of OOP were glossed over in Chapter 10 This chapter returns to some of the topics previously raised It includes an in-depth discussion of abstract classes, interfaces, and static classes ... pages using the SimpleXMLElement and SOAPClient classes This chapter also shows how asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) can work in unison with PHP See just how easy it is to implement web services ... classes in order to explore specific OO concepts and then return to improve these classes This book has sixteen chapters and two appendices It is made up of three different sections The first...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 07:20

... Some of the objections to OOP focus on this fact Some scripting languages simply string together a series of commands and for this reason are sometimes referred to as “glue.”1 A shell script, for ... class and none exists, you can use an existing Bird class by inheriting from it, then modify it to suit your specific situation When one class forms the basis for a new class, as a Bird class ... Blue jay class, the original class is often referred to as the base (or parent) class For obvious reasons, a class derived from another class is called a derived class or a child class Multiple...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 07:20

... tasks that require creating your own classes or making use of external classes such as NuSOAP (http://sourceforge.net/ projects/nusoap) There s no such need in PHP In Chapter 12, you’ll see just ... class, use the keyword class and an appropriate name: class DirectoryItems{ } Braces enclose all the elements of a class, indicated by the ellipsis in the preceding line of code We discussed ... Basic This class will encapsulate data types, but it will also contain functions or methods Like PHP s built-in classes, we’ll use Java-style naming conventions for the class name—not underscores,...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 07:20

... Furthermore, some of the shortcomings of this class suggest the creation of additional classes rather than additions to the DirectoryItems class First, images are of varying sizes This not only affects ... a database and its tables; in fact, for some databases, a table is a directory and its contents If you consider the DirectoryItems class as a table and the files in the array as “records,” then, ... between a user and the data Controlled access to the data simplifies how a class is used and, in so doing, helps preserve its integrity The Constructor In Chapter 4, you saw how the class name functioned...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 07:20