capital costs of gas processing facilities

... % of total damage costs 394 facilities 60 50 75 % of total damage costs 622 facilities 40 50 % of total damage costs 191 facilities 30 20 10 0 200 400 600 800 000 200 400 600 800 000 Number of ... distribution of damage costs for the 2 000 E-PRTR facilities with the highest estimated damage costs (including CO2) % of total damage costs 100 90 80 70 90 % of total damage costs 394 facilities ... 50 75 % of total damage costs 622 facilities 40 50 % of total damage costs 191 facilities 30 20 10 0 26 200 400 600 800 000 200 400 Revealing the costs of air pollution from industrial facilities...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... programs of the U.S Department of Energy © 2006 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Overview of Gas Plant Processing 2.1 ROLES OF GAS PLANTS Gas plants play a variety of roles in the oil and gas industry ... GPM of the Alberta gas given in Table 1.4 Computation of the GPM requires summation of the product of the number of moles of each component in 1,000 scf of gas by the gallons of liquid per mole ... page of the major industrial organization dealing with all aspects of gas and gas liquids processing Gas Industry Consortium: www.naturalgas.org This site is the home page of the Natural Gas Supply...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 15:58

... natural gas for sales Gas sweetening, the removal of corrosive sulfur compounds from natural gas, is discussed in Chapter 7; methods of gas dehydration are the subject of Chapter 8, and gas processing ... Louisiana xiv CHAPTER Overview of Gas- Handling Facilities * The objective of a gas- handling facility is to separate natural gas, condensate, or oil and water from a gas- producing well and condition ... be eco- Overview of Gas- Handling Facilities nomical to process these components from the gas even though this will lower the heating value of the gas In some cases, where the gas sales pipeline...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... arnine Reboilers with steam Reboilers with hot oil 00-psi gas with 500-psi gas 1,000-psi gas with 1,000-psi gas ,000-psi gas chiller (gas- C3) MEA exchanger U 35-40 40-50 60-70 80-100 80-90 1.30-150 ... the center of the tube to laminar flow at the tube surface The inside film coefficient can be calculated from: 16 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Table 2-1 Characteristics of Tubing ... The viscosity of natural gases and hydrocarbon liquids is discussed in Volume Figure 2-4 Thermal conductivity of natural and hydrocarbon gases at atmosphere, 14.696 psia {From Gas Processors...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... 118.68 40 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Natural Gas Sensible Heat Duty at Constant Pressure The sensible heat duty for natural gas at constant pressure is: where Qg = gas flow rate, ... where: where Pr = gas reduced pressure P = gas pressure, psia Pc = gas pseudo critical pressure, psia Tj = gas reduced temperature Ta = gas average temperature, °R = 1/2 (Tj + T2) Tc = gas pseudo critical ... sensible heat duty for the oil phase is: 42 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Figure 2-16 Pseudo critical properties of natural gases (From Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... outside surface area of the bare tube (neglecting fins) is used in the heat 76 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Figure 3-15 Side elevations of air coolers (From Gas Processors Suppliers ... Pfote-and-frame exchanger (Courtesy of Tranter, Inc.) 73 74 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities may be used if desired It is important to select the gasket materials to be compatible ... Figure 3*16 Plan views of air coolers with bays and bundles (From Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, 9th Edition.) 78 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Table 3-6...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... downstream of the choke, which assures that the enthalpy of the mixture of gas and liquid upstream of the choke equals the enthalpy of the new mixture of more gas and less liquid downstream of the ... formation (Courtesy of Smith Industries, Inc.) 100 Design of GAS- HANDLINCr Systems and facilities by Figure 4-6 The graph shows the water content in pounds of water per MMscf of saturated gas at any pressure ... isobutane (From Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, 10th Edition.) The presence of H2S should not be overlooked in the determination of susceptibility of a gas to form hydrates...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... number of passes of coil Therefore, the correct selection of coil length also requires determining the length of the shell and number of passes As the shell length decreases, the number of passes ... (52.3°API) d Water duty: Gas is saturated with water at 8,000 psig and 224°F From Figure 4-6, we have: 126 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities lb water/MMscf of wet gas at reservoir conditions ... exchanger 134 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities The liquids leaving the bottom of the tower have undergone a series of stage flashes at ever-increasing temperatures, driving off the light...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... removal of acid gases The partial pressure of the acid gases may be used as a measure to determine whether treatment is required The partial pressure of a gas is defined as the total pressure of the ... height of the tower can be derived using manufacturer's data for the particular device The height of the tower is a function of the number of theoretical stages and of the efficiency of the actual ... STABILIZER AS A GAS PROCESSING PLANT A gas- processing plant, as described in Chapter 9, is designed to recover ethane, propane, butane, and other natural gas liquids from the gas stream A condensate...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... of DEA ranges up to 35% by weight compared to only 20% for MEA Loadings for DEA systems range to 0.65 mole of acid gas per mole of DEA compared to a maximum of 0.4 mole of acid gas per mole of ... of acid contaminants present in the gas stream The concentrations of each contaminant and degree of removal desired The volume of gas to be treated and temperature and pressure at which the gas ... concentration of the acid gases in the inlet gas, and allowed concentration of acid gases in the outlet stream With this information, calculate the partial pressure of the acid gas components...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... water content of the gas The water content of a gas is dependent upon gas composition, temperature, and pressure For sweet natural gases containing over 70% methane and small amounts of "heavy ends," ... of Paragon Engineering Services, Inc 195 196 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities for natural gas In producing operations gas is most often dehydrated by contact with triethylene glycol ... natural gas with a molecular weight of 26 that is in equilibrium with a 3% brine at a pressure of 3,000 psia and a temperature of 150°R From Figure 8-1 at a temperature of 150°F and pressure of 3,000...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Figure 8-12 Effect of stripping gas on glyco! concentration dehydrators are designed for approximately three gallons of glycol per pound of water ... Liner cracks will per- 232 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities mit some of the wet gas to bypass the desiccant bed Only a small amount of wet, bypassed gas is needed to cause freezeups ... alternative designation as "pump gas separator." The free gas consumption of the glyeol pump is given in Table 8-3 The pump gas can be used to fuel the reboiler The amount of pump gas is normally close...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... the cooling gas is at 110°F, the volume of gas required for cooling will be * Steam tables ** Specific heat of gas at the average temperature CHAPTER Gas Processing* The term "gas processing" ... heating value of gas The value of the increased volume of liquids sales may be significantly higher than the loss in gas sales revenue because of a decrease in heating value of the gas *Reviewed ... maintenance expenses necessary to make the recovery of the gas economically attractive Another objective of gas processing is to lower the Btu content of the gas by extracting heavier components to meet...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... calculation of horsepower and number of stages depends upon the choice of type of compressor, and the type of compressor depends in part upon horsepower and number of stages A first approximation of the ... 268 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Figure TO-9 Centrifugal compressor {Courtesy of Dresser-Rand Company,! head to the gas This is then converted to pressure head as the gas is slowed ... consideration of the advantages and disadvantages listed earlier In addition, local foundation conditions, type of drivers available, cost of fuel, availability of spare 272 Design of GAS- HANDLING...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... constructed of a number of pairs of rings, as shown in Figure 11-14 The gas pressure is higher on one side of each ring This compresses the rings against the sealing area Each pair of rings consists of ... There are drains and vents off the distance piece and off the packing, so if there is a packing failure, the high-pressure gas has 294 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Figure 11-8 Valve-in-piston ... The effects of the seat area, the lift area, and the flow paths are automati- 302 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Figyre 11-16 Cut-away view of poppet valve {Courtesy of 0resser-Roncf...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... a minimum clearance of 17.92%, a rod load limit of 25,000 Ib, and rod diameter of 1.75 in Assume k = 1.26, Zs = 0.88, and Zd = 0.85 322 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Figure 11-25 ... where the AT of the gas is less than 150°F and discharge gas temperature is less than 210°F Forced coolant systems using a mixture of glycol and water are the most common for natural gas compressors ... suction gas stream Thus, it is desirable to keep the coolant temperature 10°F higher than that of the suction gas If the cylinder is too hot, gas throughput capacity is lost due to the gas heating...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... The weight of one 2:1 ellipsoidal head is approximately: The weight of a cone is: a = one half the cone apex angle 339 340 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities The weight of nozzles ... (b) Shell: Height of cone = tan 30 = 8.7 ft Length of shell = 12 + 8.7 = 20.7 ft Weight of shell = (11)(120)(0.8125)(20.7) = 22,200 Ib 353 354 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities (c) Summary: ... page 346) Figure 12-4, Example of pressure vessel specification sheet Figure 12-5, Example of pressure vessel shop drawing 344 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Figure 12-6 Nozzle...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities EXAMPLE PROBLEM 13-1 Given: Qg = maximum flow = lOMMscfd MW = molecular weight of gas = 23.2 Z = compressibility factor = 0.9334 k = ratio of specific ... Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities EXAMPLE PROBLEM 13-2 Given: Qg MW Z k T P = maximum flow = 50 MMscfd = molecular weight of gas = 17.4 = compressibility factor = 0.9561 = ratio of specific ... consulted for values of /Cb Figure 13-8 Bock-pressure sizing factor, Kk, for balanced-bellows pressure relief valves—vapors ana gases 370 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities In summary,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities nating one of the conditions Since no condition can be eliminated with absolute certainty, an attempt is made to minimize the occurrence of each of the ... Hazards Analysis for Offshore Facilities (RP14J), provides guidance as to the use of various hazards analysis techniques The final portion of this chapter describes the management of safety using ... probability of injury from any of these conditions is increased by an inability to escape All the conditions tend to be more likely to lead to 394 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20

... common general-purpose on/off valves in production facilities (text continued from page 430) 428 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Table 15-2 Example Specifications of Pipe, Valves/ and ... Because of the erosive action of the fluid when the valve is throttling, they should not be used for on/off service, A tight seal may not be possible, 434 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities ... (Courtesy of Cameron Iron Works, Inc.] Figure 15-2 Cutaway of plug valve (Courtesy ofXomox Corp.) 432 Design of GAS- HANDLING Systems and Facilities Plug valves usually require lubrication on a regular...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 02:20