atomic substitution phase diagrams and isotopes

... Printed and bound in Malaysia 2010 Contents Preface Acknowledgments Earth materials and the geosphere vi viii Atoms, elements, bonds and coordination polyhedra 19 Atomic substitution, phase diagrams ... addresses necessary background chemistry and mineral classification Chapter examines the fundamentals of crystal chemistry, phase diagrams and stable and unstable isotopes Chapter reviews the basic ... materials such as minerals and rocks We will discuss the nucleus and electron configuration of atoms and the role these play in determining both atomic and mineral properties and the conditions under...

Ngày tải lên: 26/05/2016, 22:54

... potential phase diagrams Potential phase diagrams in binary and multinary systems Sections of potential phase diagrams Binary systems Ternary systems Direction of phase fields in potential phase diagrams ... Projected and mixed phase diagrams 205 10.1 Schreinemakers’ projection of potential phase diagrams 10.2 The phase field rule and projected diagrams 10.3 Relation between molar diagrams and Schreinemakers’ ... the general principles of phase diagrams Thus, a considerable part of the present book is devoted to the inter-relations between thermodynamics and phase diagrams Phase diagrams are also used to...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:19

... full and effective use of these diagrams to solve practical problems, we have included an Introduction to Alloy Phase Diagrams, which contains sections on the theory and use of phase diagrams, and ... approach to binary, ternary, and quaternary phase diagrams Reading Phase Diagrams Composition Scales Phase diagrams to be used by scientists are usually plotted in atomic percentage (or mole fraction), ... "phase" and "phase field" is seldom made, and all materials having the same phase name are referred to as the same phase Equilibrium There are three types of equilibia: stable, metastable, and...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 23:20

... Andalusite One and two component phase diagrams  Several types of 2-component diagrams One component diagrams    Fields – where only one phase (mineral) is stable Lines – where two phases are ... phases are stable One component diagrams  If P and/ or T changes   One phase converts to another Examples: H2O – component; ice, water, and vapor are phases  Al SiO – component; Kyanite, Andalusite, ... Components and Phases    Component – Chemical entity  H2O  Al2SiO5 Phase – physically separable part of a system; e.g  for H20: ice, water, water vapor  for Al2SiO5: Sillimanite, Kyanite, Andalusite...

Ngày tải lên: 30/11/2016, 13:36

... (400), (422), (511) and (440) These planes are indications of the presence of a spinel cubic structure The diffraction lines corresponding to a cubic, spinel-type and crystalline phase provides clear ... X-ray, θ the angle between the incident and diffracted beams (degree) and d the particle size of the sample (nm) (in Table 1) 3.2 FT-IR spectroscopy The band wavenumber v1 , v2, (Table 2) generally ... 0.6 and NFC08 for x = 0.8 The chemical reagents used were NiCl2.6H2 O, CoCl2.6H2O, FeCl3.6H2O All the chemicals were dissolved in water with Fe3+ concentration of 0.8 mol, 0.4 mol of ions Co2+ and...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 04:20

... judgments of GS, EM, and SVM output sentences and the gold standard in terms of grammaticality (how fluent the compression is) and importance (how much of the meaning of and important information ... et al., 2006), to parsing (Cohn et al., 2009; Post and Gildea, 2009) and machine translation (DeNero et al., 2008; Cohn and Blunsom, 2009; Liu and Gildea, 2009) Segmentation is achieved by introducing ... test set and used the Stanford parser to extract grammatical relations from predicted trees and the gold standard We computed precision, recall, RelF1 (all based on grammatical relations), and compression...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... permeabilities; and (2) phase transformation along the interface of a stagnant phase and the other phase flowing around it controls the irreducible phase saturation of the stagnant phase [Verma, ... We compared the flow behavior and relative permeability differences between two -phase flow with and without phase transformation effects and between smooth-walled and rough-walled fractures We ... phase relative permeability Phase transformation effects between liquid and vapor phases are a characteristic of two -phase flows in geothermal reservoirs (steam-water flow) and gas-condensate reservoirs...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:20

... the term ‘fluid phase diagrams , which means the phase diagrams, which describe the phase behavior of mixture without solid phase, the term ‘complete phase diagrams is for the diagrams which ... Barr-David and Dodge, 1959 Anderson and Prausnitz, 1986 Marshall and Jones, 1974b Marshall and Jones, 1974b Griswold and Wong, 1952 Marshall and Jones, 1974b Wormald and Yerlett, 2002 Griswold and Wong, ... 1990 Pryor and Jentoft, 1961 Anderson and Prausnitz, 1986 Miller and Hawthorne, 2000 Mathis et al., 2004 Alwani and Schneider, 1969 Pryor and Jentoft, 1961 Pryor and Jentoft, 1961 Pryor and Jentoft,...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 11:22

... of Congress CIP Data Phase equilibria and fluid properties in the chemical industry (ACS symposium series; 60 ISS Includes bibliographical references and index Phase rule and equilibrium—Congresses ... Barner and Quinlan (20) t r e a t e d mixtures at high temperatures and p r e s s u r e s , and Chueh and P r a u s n i t z (21) t r e a t e d the c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y C H a n d In Phase ... Barner, H E and Quinlan, C W , I and E.C Proc Des Dev (1969) 8, 407 Chueh, P L and Prausnitz, J M., A.I.Ch.E Journal (1969) 15, 471 Reid, R C and Sherwood, T K., "The Properties of Gases and Liquids,"...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:19

... of nuclei can be formed Hence, explosive phase change occurs, which turns the liquid into a mixture of liquid and vapor One important factor in analyzing phase change induced by pulsed laser heating ... time lag was estimated to be between and 10 ns [9] Experimental investigation 3.1 Experiments and results A KrF excimer laser with a wavelength of 248 nm and a pulsewidth of 25 ns (FWHM) is used ... at laser fluences below and higher than J/cm2 At high fluences, droplets are generated due to phase explosion, which cause scattering For the ablation depth, when explosive phase change occurs, the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/05/2014, 09:01

... 309 atomic ¯uorescence 14, 33 atomic ¯uorescence spectrometry 290€ atomic species atomic spectra 202 atomic spectral line width 148 atomic spectrometry diode laser 281 atomic structure 4€ atomic ... l1 ˆ and l2 ˆ 0, S ˆ as s1 ˆ 1a2 and s2 ˆ À1a2, and J ˆ as both L and S ˆ 0) The excited level …1s 2s 2p 3s3p† is characterized by the terms: P1 (L ˆ as l1 ˆ and l2 ˆ 1, S ˆ as s1 ˆ 1a2 and s2 ... radiation sources used in optical atomic spectrometry are between and 20 pm This applies both for atomic emission and atomic absorption line pro®les In reality the spectral bandwidth of dispersive spectrometers...

Ngày tải lên: 03/06/2014, 01:15

... electromagnetic radiation and convection The Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling proposed method solves simultaneously the heat equation for the three phases (solid, liquid and vapor), computing ... Yuichi Sugai VII Preface The heat transfer and analysis on laser beam, evaporator coils, shell -and- tube condenser, two phase flow, nanofluids, and on phase change are significant issues in a design ... Using Phase Change Material (PCM) in HVAC Systems 541 Motoi Yamaha and Nobuo Nakahara Chapter 25 Heat Transfer and Phase Change in Deep CO2 Injector for CO2 Geological Storage 565 Kyuro Sasaki and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... Anlytical and Explicit and Implicit Methods of Solving One- 26 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction Problems WSEAS Transactions on Heat and Mass ... coordinates I and K indicate the direction of flow: incoming and destination, respectively The values of J(I,K) are: 38 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling 0 no connection between I and ... tube and two exits in tubes and 10 J(1,5) means that the refrigerant enters in tube J(2,1) and J(10,1)) indicate exits from tubes and 10 respectively J(4,3) is the junction between tubes and and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... on the water 62 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling and refrigerant sides, in order to effectively shorten or reduce the time and cost in the development and design of this type ... [W/m2K], di and are, respectively, the inside and outside diameters of tubes 68 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling [m], km is the thermal conductivity [W/mK], Rfi and Rfo are ... Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling increasingly cold air flowing across the coil In (Fig.19) and considering a representative circuit, the temperature distribution for CO2 and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling calculations of heat transfer coefficient for both shell- and refrigerant-side stream If the condenser's refrigerant inlet temperature and ... refrigerant outlet temperature, and (c) heat transfer rate 81 82 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling References Allen, B., & Gosselin, L (2008) Optimal geometry and flow arrangement for ... inlet cylinder and the teperature of oulet cylinder are 350 and 300 K It can be seen that the direction of vortex in Fig is inverted in Fig Fig shows the 86 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... term and a temperature dependent term and can be related to correspond to the latent heat of phase change Furthermore, T is the temperature, and ρ, Cp, and k are the density, heat capacity, and ... τlw = τ vw = Where kl and kv are the Poiseuille numbers, and Dhlw and Dhvw are the liquid-wall and the vapor-wall hydraulic diameters, respectively The hydraulic diameters and the shear stresses ... in order to understand the internal stress distribution in the solidifying steel strand below the mold The need for data with respect to the 122 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... attainment and maintenance of the plasma density and temperature on a required level and forces to develop sophisticated and expansive methods to feed and heat up the plasma components On the other hand, ... lines (1) and (2) illustrate the centreline and surface temperatures of a 130 x 390 mm x mm Sovel slab; lines (3) and (4) depict the shell thickness and the distance between the solidus and liquidus ... Lines and depict the centreline and surface temperature, respectively Lines and illustrate the shell growth and solid fraction, respectively The borders of the final casting segments 5, 6, and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... Nematollahi and Nazifi, 2007; Rodriguez and El-Genk, 2008a, b, c, and d; Rodriguez, Domino, and El-Genk, 2010; Rodriguez and El-Genk, 2010a and b; Rodriguez and El-Genk, 2011) There are many devices and ... and Γ ω are the effective diffusivity of k and ω, respectively; Gk and Gω are the generation of k and ω, respectively, due to mean velocity gradients; and Yk and Yω are the dissipation of k and ... azimuthal, (a) and (b), and axial, (c) and (d), velocity profiles for S2 configuration Q ≈ 100 l/h for (a) and (c); and Q ≈ 270 l/h for (b) and (d) The circles indicate mean velocity values and the error...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... Goldstein and Behbahani, 1982; Kamotani and Greber, 1974; Kavsaoglu and Schetz, 1989; Kawai and Lele, 2007; Kiel et al., 2003; Patankar, Basu, and Alpay, 1977; Rivero, Ferre, and Giralt, 2001; Sucec and ... and Applications for Enhanced Heat Transfer and Flow Mixing Fig 12 Impact of Re and θ on Azimuthal Velocity Field 203 204 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling The single-jet computation ... Manual of Applied Mechanics, 9th Ed., C Griffin and Co., London, UK 216 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling Rivero, A., Ferre, J A., and Giralt, F (2001) Organized Motions in a Jet...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20

... fluence 232 16 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH On Fig 5, green and orange dash lines respectively correspond to fluence F1ω = 19 J/cm2 and fluence F1ω = ... to 400K and 350K at front surface and rear surface, respectively With time, the electron and phonon subsystems also would get the thermal equilibrium state, and if the united electron and phonon ... surface layer at depths of nm and 50 nm is severely inhibited, however, which rises dramatically 250 Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling at depths of 150 nm and 200 nm for the substrate...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20