application to very small devices microactuators micro optics microfluidics and more

... and Vertical Scaling Factor, αw is Gate Length and Wiring Scaling Factor and ε is Electrical Factor) Chapter Introduction Actually, the scaling of the gate length and wiring (gate width) of devices ... consistently improving and more and more cost effective Very Large Scaled Integrated (VLSI) circuits made of silicon devices Fig 1.1 Moore’s law in the past 20 years: the number of the transistors on a chip ... on-current is more and more Chapter Introduction close to the off-current because of the continuous scaling of the voltage To solve the small on-current problem, an additional scaling factor ε (ε>1)...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 08:30

... of very small and micro enterprise (VSME) owners and managers who gave their time to the researchers in order to enrich our understandings of the systems in which they are working They are too ... Sector Education and Training Authority SETASA Sector Education and Training Authority for Secondary Agriculture SETO (later to become SETA) Sector Education and Training Organisation SME Small ... SME Small and medium enterprise SMLE Small, medium and large enterprise SMME Small, medium and micro enterprise TETA Transport Education and Training Authority THETA Tourism, Hospitality and Sport...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 04:20

... district (Fig 1.6) Topology and Geology Topologically and geologically, the mainland of the study area can be separated into two regions: the lowlands in the Western part and highlands in the Eastern ... scientific knowledge and thought to bear on it The central purpose of systems analysis is to help public and private decision and policy makers to understand the problem better, so to better manage ... planning and management of coastal systems and resources, taking into account traditional, cultural and historical perspectives and conflicting interests and uses; it is a continuous and evolutionary...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2012, 10:35

... (PAO462, PAO651 and PAO846) and an FITC-labeled EUBMIX (EUB338, EUB338 II and EUB338 III) probe (Table 1) The targets of PAOMIX and EUBMIX probe are Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis and most eubacteria, ... suitable for routine monitoring or measurement of a large number of samples, and lead to better understanding of the contribution of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ to phosphorus removal ... of Applied Microbiology, 100, 233–243 Boon, N., Top, E.M., Verstraete, W., Siciliano, S.D (2003) Bioaugmentation as a tool to protect the structure and function of an activated sludge microbial...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 09:38

... to MHz, however many devices are now I2C compliant and supports data rate upto 100 kHz and 400 kHz 5.3 Serial I2C Based EPROM 24AA256 Interface to PIC16F877 87 On the other hand the competitors ... the bit rate goes up to 3.4 Mbit/s The low output level and hysteresis of devices with a supply voltage of V and below has been adapted to meet the required noise margins and to maintain the compatibility ... circuitry to capture and convert an analog signal to a serial 12-bit digital output Owing to its low power requirement and adaptability to different conversion rates this ADC finds lots of applications...

Ngày tải lên: 03/10/2013, 01:20

... shopping, and psychographic portrait of customers A number of drawbacks and benefits pertaining to the tools have been pointed out and discussed Both the research models and the tools, while diverse to ... included into this study 12 The overview of tools for measuring customer satisfaction excluded practical advice on how to develop these tools and how to analyse collected data, due to the general ... 1987) and use more subjective information and recommendations of social contacts (King and Balasubramanian 1994) Furthermore, studies report that well- informed customers are willing to pay more...

Ngày tải lên: 04/11/2013, 10:15

... country and overseas, to strengthen scientific research, and to facilitate the application of advanced education experience (Pham,1998) During this period, in the field of Vietnamese ELT, more and more ... also purposes to make students accustomed to listening and speaking Here, the students are provided and directed to conform the outline of the story that would be delivered in order to make students ... to say in a situation and how to say it They also involve when to remain silent or, in fact, “when to appear incompetent” This understanding is considered very important to a theory of socio-linguistic...

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 10:08

... test and some applications to Vietnamese High School pupils This refers to the kinds of people that candidate is expected to be able to speak to (For example, native speakers of the same age and ... possible Moreover, if a candidate gets into difficulty, not too much time should be spent on one particular function or topic In addition, tester should create chance for candidate to attempt to express ... Speaking test and some applications to Vietnamese High School pupils interview to a close, because it is no use to subject them to a longer ordeal On the other hand, the test intents to see what...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 18:33

... from Generator B, and 41.7% from Generator C Generator A does not contribute any power to load and Load receives 75.0% power from Generator B and 25.0% from Generator C On the other hand; load ... bus and bus 3, Generator B has sent 50 MW to Generator A Therefore, the contribution to the load of Generator A and B should be corrected proportionally The corrected contribution of Generator ... that the power can reach to all vertices in that subgraphs Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure are shown the directed, rooted subgraphs of Generator A, Generator B, and Generator C, respectively From...

Ngày tải lên: 03/01/2014, 19:37

... spans to As we parse incrementally, we are guaranteed to have found this edge, and can use it to construct the copied conjunct over spans to and therefore the whole co-ordinated NP from spans to To ... adapted, and those which are negatively adapted If adaptation is not due to frequency alone, we would expect the histograms for both positively and negatively adapted rules to be skewed towards ... preferable to assume a simpler and more general mechanism, and that the copy mechanism is not needed This conclusion is strengthened when we turn to consider the performance of the parser on the standard...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... computes an update to the weight vector based on the current example The resulting weight vector tends to be overfit to the last few examples; one way to reduce overfitting is to use the average ... label, and for an incorrect link Since the history-based feature set used in the parsing algorithm makes it impossible to use independence to factorize the scoring function, an exact search to find ... and OPA There has been some work on machine learning methods where this parameter is tuned automatically (Tipping, 2001), and a possible extension to our work could be to adapt those models to...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... choice can be performed to improve the coverage to 100% Thus, for each knowledge resource we compared cases without/with random choice, which are denoted “w/o Random” and “w/ Random” in Table 1, respectively ... associated with more complex interrogations, such as ones related to how and why, so as to enhance Webbased natural language understanding Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank NOVA, ... descriptions are more likely to be selected, regardless of the quality To avoid this problem, we normalize P (d) by the number of words contained in d Application 4.1 Among the above applications,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... sets, microphones, network microphone Microphone [ fClose-talkingarray / (Microphone characteristics, additive background • fAuditory models noise, speaking styles, and so on Analysis and feature ... value has lead to rapid technology transfer of speech recognition into other research areas and applications Since the variations in speaking style and accent as well as in channel and environment ... to a detection-based approach will be important to solve such problems [2] How to extract contextual information, predict users' responses, and focus on key words are very important issues Stochastic...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 16:20

... factors for road traffic in which a set of emission factors were proposed to be used for the 1985 Corinair emission inventory (Zierock et al (1989)) It presents a.0 emission factors for NO, and ... For traffic on highways, p, and p, are assumed to be zero For urban and other roads the calculation of p, and p, is based on NIS (1989) They are found to be 6.65 x 10- %and 5.12 X ~ ~ e s p e c t ... an application of the hedonic approach to the valuation of benefits The wage rate paid for a job reflects forces of supply and demand on the labour market However, what is supplied and demanded...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 11:20

... oxidative pentose phosphate pathway had to be reversed to maintain the target fluxes Then, the NADPH needed to drive the reactions of the oxidative pathway into a backwards direction and to form hexose ... such as bacteria, which are born to replicate, the application of FBA to cells with more sophisticated ambitions needs a more general criterion Here I propose to settle this criterion on the following ... enzymes, metabolites) can be used to build up mathematical models of the gene-regulatory, signal-transducing and metabolic networks of a cell and to integrate them into whole-cell Ôin silicoÕ models...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 15:20

... graph and the taxonomy) The index server applies periodic indexing of new texts, and the exploration server serves the exploration application on querying, exploration, and data 83 Application to ... (Hofmann, 1999), enabling the user to drill up and down the concept hierarchies Hierarchical faceted meta-data (Stoica and Hearst, 2007), or faceted search, proposed more sophisticated exploration ... ‘asthma’ (top), and its conversion to a DAG (bottom) Figure 4: The roots of the entailment graph for the ‘asthma’ query 3.2 Exploration Scheme The objective of the exploration scheme is to support...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 18:20

... engineering and is not in general amenable to latent variable problems A simpler alternative to this two step approach is to use a generative model of synchronous derivation and simultaneously segment and ... of rule c → e, and K is the total number of ways to rewrite c, we now take into account our DP(αc , P0 (· | c)) prior in (1), which, when truncated to a finite grammar, reduces to a K-dimensional ... source nodes and the corresponding target nodes (as well as on either side), which we take to be the state of the sampler We start at a random derivation of the corpus, and at every iteration...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... gold standard and the other way in the prediction; nu is the number of pairs ordered (i.e., not tied) in the gold standard and tied in the prediction, and p is a penalization to be attributed to ... terms and synsets are likely to be sometimes incorrect, and this of course introduces noise in our method 3.3 PageRank, (eXtended) WordNet, and ORP flow We now discuss the application of PageRank to ... attention to POS See (Cerini et al., 2007) for more details The corpus is divided into three parts: • Common: 110 synsets which all the evaluators evaluated by working together, so as to align...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... which limits Kanji candidates, is carried out in the course of the segmentation and its evaluation by the cost 3.1 Prototype System A We first developed a prototype Kana -to- Kanji conversion system ... conceptual words (131,66 I) 3.2 System B, C and D , hitoh.a/kigqkikunikositagotol, taarimasen (there is nothing like being watchful) hitohdv'Mga/Idkimi/ko3itcv;kotoha/arimasen In the above examples, ... (b-cost) of a segmentation candidate By this, the collocation tends to have priority over the ordinary word The standard and initial value of each segment cost is 2, and it is increased by for...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:21