application to baccharis l species belonging to sect caulopterae dc asteraceae

... selective regimes between alleles with multiple copies and singly copy alleles were not significantly better than the null hypothesis (same selective regime for all alleles; data not shown) Allele-specific ... Transcription level of the allele LEAFY-3 with two copies in all investigated plants was 2.3-fold lower, but transcription levels of single copy alleles LEAFY-1 and LEAFY-4 was approximately 2.9-fold higher ... Glycine allopolyploids Mol Biol Evol 2004, 21(7):1409-1421 39 Wendel JF, Schnabel A, Seelanan T: Bidirectional interlocus concerted evolution following allopolyploid speciation in cotton (Gossypium)...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:21

... conceptual level Implementation planning models, in contrast, can, and generally do, operate at a considerably more detailed and concrete level, since they will be used to evaluate only a few alternatives ... possible impacts, policy analysis models should strive for flexibility, inexpensive operation, and relatively fast response Moreover, they should allow policies to be described at a relatively gross ... structure is understood to be based on valid reasoning thus be free from logical flaws Completeness of the structure means that the model should include all elements relevant to defined problems and their...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2012, 10:35

... activated sludge was diluted to 0.5 ng L- 1 using sterilized distilled water The higher DNA concentration tended to cause difficulty to determine Ct value due to high and unstable baseline of fluorescence ... quantification results of laboratory-scale and full-scale activated sludge by the quantitative PCR method and by the FISH method, and their correlation The results from laboratory-scale activated sludge are ... the polyphosphate accumulating organisms in full-scale activated sludge enhanced biological phosphate removal systems in Australia? Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100, 233–243 Boon, N., Top,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 09:38

... Table Some attributes for tool library Product Significant range of tools Access to professional tools Availability of tools Ergonomic, silent, amortisation Tools are well ma intained (e.g cleaned, ... model for PSS, let us take an example of a so-called “tool library” idea based on PSS concept The tool library is a hobby tool renting service for households, which provides reliable access to ... basic model will need to be customised for each case The model customised for a particular PSS example could employ case-specific evaluation tools The main focus of the SERQUAL model is on capturing...

Ngày tải lên: 04/11/2013, 10:15

... High School pupils Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those who have contributed in different ways to my thesis First of all, I would like to express my deepest thank to all of my teachers ... choosing the topic: Most of us would agree that the oral skills are the most important ones, especially speaking skill, of all four skills (listening; writing; Dơng Thị Hơng - 42A2* F L D Vinh ... parcel of language teaching all along and will doubtless continue to be so It is important and necessary to help my students develop their speaking skills and testing their speaking ability Therefore,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 18:33

... sensitivity analysis on the applied power system so that the contribution calculation will be close to the actual value TABLE VI THE OVERALL CONTRIBUTION Generator A Generator B Generator C Load 0.3333 ... Generator A and B is shown in Table V and the corrected values of Generator B will be added to its average contribution F The overall Contribution The final overall contribution to each load of ... reactive power flows To simplify the example, the following description will use active power flow and a lossless system 1n this 6-bus system, there are four generators supplying the power to the system...

Ngày tải lên: 03/01/2014, 19:37

... either identical to the first, or it is not.1 Let us call In this equation, T2 is the set of all second conjuncts 2.3 Between Model While the Copy model limits itself to parallelism in coordination, ... successfully applied to the modeling of experimental data In particular, both the Within and the Copy models show statistically reliable parallelism effects It is not surprising that the copy model ... precision and recall, all results are statistically different from each other The Copy model actually performs slightly better than the Baseline in the exhaustive case 421 Model Baseline Within Copy...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... variables Journal of Machine Learning Research, 6(Sep):1453– 1484 Luke S Zettlemoyer and Michael Collins 2005 Learning to map sentences to logical form: Structured classification with probabilistic ... extension to our work could be to adapt those models to the multinomial and costsensitive setting We applied the learning models to three problems in incremental dependency parsing, the last of ... appropriate We could have used any prior; however, in practice we will require it to be log-concave to avoid suboptimal local maxima A Laplacian prior (i.e − m sj |αj |) will also be considered...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... more likely to be selected, regardless of the quality To avoid this problem, we normalize P (d) by the number of words contained in d Application 4.1 Among the above applications, natural language ... shall call them domain and description models, respectively To sum up, in principle we select d’s that are strongly associated with a specific domain, and are likely to be descriptions themselves ... which includes approximately one million entries related to 19 technical fields as listed below: aeronautics, biotechnology, business, chemistry, computers, construction, defense, ecology, electricity,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... broadcasting To cope with this problem, we introduced filled-pause modeling into the language model is the reading-dependent language model, and LM3 is a modification of LM2 by filled-pause modeling ... Most Kanji have multiple readings, and correct readings can only be decided according to context Conventional language models usually assign equal probability to all possible readings of each ... Speech, Signal Process., Phoenix, pp 501-504 (1999) [11] L F Lamel, S K Bennacef, S Rosset, L Devillers, S Foukia, J J Gangolf and J L Gauvain: "The LIMSI RailTel system: Field trial of a telephone...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 16:20

... order to get good results, one must take into account all explanatory variables of housing prices But the inclusion of too many explanatory variables will raise the difficult problem of multicollinearity ... vehicle) and transformation models which describe how different pollutants can react together to form so-called secondary air pollutants For some pollutants these models will be relatively simple, ... effects are less generally available The effect of an additional vehicle-km is even more difficult to establish Finally, one has to put a monetary value on the effects of air pollution and more...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 11:20

... metabolites) can be used to build up mathematical models of the gene-regulatory, signal-transducing and metabolic networks of a cell and to integrate them into whole-cell Ôin silicoÕ models The ... molecular level have evolved during natural evolution and enable the cell to adapt its metabolic activities to specific functional requirements Mathematical modelling of metabolic networks has a long tradition ... evolutionary landscape must have been a decisive selection factor during the natural evolution of cellular systems For the special case that the functionality of a cell is reducible to rapid selfreproduction,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 15:20

... facets, to refine the result set http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/ Early exploration technologies were based on a single hierarchical conceptual clustering of information (Hofmann, 1999), enabling ... also at the propositional level, where the relations that link concepts to one another are represented effectively in a hierarchical entailment graph 2.2 Entailment Graph Recognizing Textual ... asthma’ to ‘X control Asthma’ Selecting a propositional template (Figure 1, left column) displays a concept taxonomy for the arguments that correspond to the variable in the selected template (Figure...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 18:20

... general amenable to latent variable problems A simpler alternative to this two step approach is to use a generative model of synchronous derivation and simultaneously segment and weight the elementary ... 2: Gibbs sampling updates We illustrate a sampler move to align/unalign a source node with a target node (top row in blue), and split/merge a deletion rule via aligning with (bottom row in red) ... transition probabilities can be extremely small due to passing through low probability states with large elementary trees; in turn, the sampling procedure is prone to local modes In order to counteract...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... elements of e are usually taken to be all equal to |N | However, it is possible to give different values to different elements in e In fact, the value of ei amounts to an internal source of score ... reader may also consult (Mihalcea, 2006) for other applications of random-walk models to computational linguistics Ranking WordNet synsets by PageRank 3.1 The PageRank algorithm Let G = N, L be a ... theoretical foundations, its fast convergence properties, and the effectiveness of its results The reason why PageRank, among all random-walk algorithms, is particularly suited to our application will...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... natural extension of the bunsetsu, is defined roughly as follows: ::= * * * ... of NLP, since thW not follow the principle of composilionality of the memaing Generally speaking the more extensive collocational d ~ _ deals with, the less the it "rule syst~n" of the rule based ... The collocations are also classified into two classes by a grammatical criterion: one is a class of functional collocations, which work as functional words such as particles (postpositionals) or...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:21

... the Prime Minister will adopt a policy of requesting the French Government to halt nuclear testing d4: China's latest nuclear test will hold up negotiations on a treaty to abolish such testing d5: ... and dl0 The shortest path (dl, d2,, dT, dl0) gives a simple outline of the articles The longest path (d,, d2, d7, ds, dg, dl0) contains all related information on the topic By extracting long ... the in Section 3.2 articles contain multiple topics, they have many inbound arcs, each representing a different topic The 4.3 Cycle second is that when the articles are closely related A cycle3...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 06:20

... type c, so leaving the slot marked unused after recursion would be incorrect — we would need to look in a table to see what value to assign it An alternative would be to place that value in the ... the same element as the classical encoding It also has a greatest element, in which every unused slot still has a circular reference, but all unshared most general satisfiers are filled in with ... benchmark grammar Available on-line at http://www.cs.toronto.edu/ gpenn/ale.html § A generalized term encoding provides an elegant solution to this problem When a variable is bound to a substructure...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... weak competitor of specific NK-1 binding sites while homologation of one carbon, such as [Gly9(wCH2CH2CH2)Gly10]SP (D Loeuillet & S Lavielle, unpublished data), led to an analogue completely devoid ... labelled with [3H]adenine (0.2 lCi per well) or [3H]inositol (0.5 lCi per well) for 15–24 h PtdIns hydrolysis assay was performed in 500 lL Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer containing 10 mM LiCl ... the 3JNH-Ha coupling constant of Gln5 remains close to Hz, indicating that Gln5 always adopts a helical conformation This invariable folding of Gln5 is related to the helix initiator propensity...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20