... South African English and New Zealand English (RP
/
lɑf
/, /
bɑθ
/ and /
kɑsl
/). American English has retained gotten while it
has changed to got in standard varietiesof British English (though ... English at the
20
INTERNATIONAL VARIETIESOF ENGLISH
German Dutch Friesian English Icelandic
Norwegian
Swedish Danish
Common Germanic
West Germanic
Yiddish
Afrikaans
Faroese
North Germanic Gothic
Figure ... Gothic
Figure 2.1 The Germanic languages
US English
English English
Southern Hiberno -English
(See section 2.3)
Early Modern English
Canadian English
Australian English
New Zealand English
Figure 2.2...
... that, for instance, damage to
one’s foot can cause one to feel pain and that a desire to raise
one’s arm can have the effect of that arm’s going up. But for
many critics of Cartesian dualism, its ... Contents
Prefacepagexi
1Introduction1
Empiricalpsychologyandphilosophicalanalysis2
Metaphysicsandthephilosophyofmind3
Abriefguidetotherestofthisbook6
2Minds,bodiesandpeople8
Cartesiandualism9
Theconceivabilityargument11
Thedivisibilityargument13
Non-Cartesiandualism15
Arepersonssimplesubstances?18
Conceptualobjectionstodualisticinteraction21
Empiricalobjectionstodualisticinteraction24
Thecausalclosureargument26
Objectionstothecausalclosureargument29
Otherargumentsforandagainstphysicalism32
Conclusions36
3Mentalstates39
Propositionalattitudestates40
Behaviourismanditsproblems41
Functionalism44
Functionalismandpsychophysicalidentitytheories48
Theproblemofconsciousness51
Qualiaandtheinvertedspectrumargument53
Somepossibleresponsestotheinvertedspectrumargument55
Theabsentqualiaargumentandtwonotionsofconsciousness59
Eliminativematerialismand‘folkpsychology’61
Someresponsestoeliminativematerialism64
Conclusions66
vii
... Contentsviii
4Mentalcontent69
Propositions70
Thecausalrelevanceofcontent74
Theindividuationofcontent79
Externalisminthephilosophyofmind82
Broadversusnarrowcontent84
Content,representationandcausality89
Misrepresentationandnormality92
Theteleologicalapproachtorepresentation95
Objectionstoateleologicalaccountofmentalcontent99
Conclusions100
5Sensationandappearance102
Appearanceandreality103
Sense-datumtheoriesandtheargumentfromillusion107
Otherargumentsforsense-data110
Objectionstosense-datumtheories112
Theadverbialtheoryofsensation114
Theadverbialtheoryandsense-data116
Primaryandsecondaryqualities119
Sense-datumtheoriesandtheprimary/secondarydistinction121
Anadverbialversionoftheprimary/secondarydistinction125
Docolour-propertiesreallyexist?126
Conclusions128
6Perception130
Perceptualexperienceandperceptualcontent131
Perceptualcontent,appearanceandqualia135
Perceptionandcausation137
Objectionstocausaltheoriesofperception143
Thedisjunctive
theoryofperception
145
Thecomputationalandecologicalapproachestoperception149
Consciousness,experienceand‘blindsight’155
Conclusions158
7Thoughtandlanguage160
Modesofmentalrepresentation162
The‘languageofthought’hypothesis164
Analogueversusdigitalrepresentation167
Imaginationandmentalimagery169
Thoughtandcommunication175
Doanimalsthink?178
Naturallanguageandconceptualschemes183
In this book Jonathan Lowe offers a lucid and wide-
ranging introductionto the philosophy of mind. Using a
problem-centred approach designed to stimulate...
... concep-
tion of the whole of reality, we cannot hope to render compat-
ible the theories and observations of the various different
sciences: and providing that conception is not the task of any
one of ... group of scientists. For example, an adequate analysis
of the concept of seeing cannot be arrived at simply by examin-
1
I say more about the notion of a ‘subject of experience’ in my book of that ... that Wittgenstein himself has contributed much of value to our
understanding of ourselves as subjects of experience.
Anintroductionto the philosophy of mind4
ever. It is also inextricably involved...
... 97
certain type of call in the presence of eagles and to respond
to that type of call by running into the bushes will accordingly
have a greater chance of surviving attacks by eagles – and
passing ... some
strange coincidence, the inhabitants of this planet speak a
language which sounds just like English and that they use
the word ‘snow’ for the stuff descending from their skies. An
inhabitant of ... ofan eagle.
OBJECTIONS TO A TELEOLOGICAL ACCOUNT OF
MENTAL CONTENT
These advantages of the teleological theory of representation
over the causal theory may encourage us to try to extend it
to...
... states to a subject is always open to many
alternative interpretations and that often the best that we
can hope to do, in the light of a given subject’s circumstances
and pattern of behaviour, is to ... machinery. But
rejection of any type–type theory of mental and physical
states is consistent with acceptance of a token–token theory,
that is, a theory according to which any token mental state,
such ... friends of functionalism
may want to respond to this argument, other than by
resorting toan outright denial of the existence of ‘qualia’
altogether.
8
Some may contend that the hypothesis of spec-
trum...
... perceptual
experience of seeing a table to be rectangular, because an
ability to enjoy such an experience seems to require an ability
to recognise tables as objects of some kind (even if not as
tables) and likewise ... properly belongs to a philosophical analysis of the
concept of perception and what properly belongs toan empir-
ical theory of perception of the sort that is more appropri-
ately advanced and evaluated ... Perception, Part III.
Anintroductionto the philosophy of mind134
an exhaustive specification of the propositional content of his
perceptual judgement and thus an exhaustive inventory of
the concepts...
...
us to come to terms with this discovery. And there are still many
die-hards who refuse to relinquish the hopeless fantasy of the
total power of interpretation offered by dream content analysis. ... Richard to bid his friend stop.
For some reason, he has to go upstairs to turn off the machine
(although it appears to be fully portable and self-contained) and this
takes an inordinate length of ... the calm cover
of sleep and is the result of a built-in mechanism of brain acti-
vation that operates in all of us every night of our lives. It is the
goal of this chapter to explain how the...
... holdings of land no one could hope
to enjoy a high social position or an honorable office under the government.
Consequently the land came gradually into the hands of the rich and ambitious, and ... volume of
the chief changes in western Europe since the German barbarians overcame the armies
of the Roman Empire and set up states of their own, out of which the present countries
of France, ... INVASIONS AND THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN
EMPIRE
The Huns force the Goths into the Empire. Battle of Adrianople, 378.
9. Previous to the year 375 the attempts of the Germans to penetrate into the...
... company. The
profit of the company is transferred
to the income part of your personal
tax return.
9
The glossary gives an explanation of
“advance tax”.
10
See the glossary
Choice of ... Register changes in the stock
Register transactions with respect to
project/assignment
Perform the annual stock counting
and produce the stock overview
Registration of transactions can be ... sure to describe
accurately what sub-contractors you
intend to use.
4. The Market
Description of the market and
potential customers is an important
part of the business plan. Try to
give...
... term
analysis of algorithms to refer to the whole process, with the goal of providing
answers with as much accuracy as necessary.
e analysis ofan algorithm can help us understand it better, and ... on
performance. We must be cognizant of such effects to be sure the results of
analysis are useful. On the other hand, in some cases, analysis ofan algo-
rithm can help identify ways for it to take ... edition of our book AnIntroductionto the Analysis of Algorithms
was prepared with these thoughts in mind. It is dedicated to the memory of
Philippe Flajolet, and is intended to teach generations to...
... 29
Table of Cases xxv
We express particular thanks to Finola O’Sullivan and Sinead Moloney of Cambridge
University Press. It would be remiss of us to fail to note the contributions of Professor ... appeals of Mr Lubanga Dyilo and the Prosecutor against the
decision of Trial Chamber I of 14.7.2009 entitled ‘Decision giving notice to the parties and
participants that the legal characterization of ... for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded in Armies in the Field 1
Bevans 7 268
18.10.1907 Hague Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Annex to Hague
Convention IV,...
... into Ireland and established a center of Christianity there. When the Germans
overran Britain and reheathenized it, the Irish monks and clergy were too far off to be troubled by the
barbarians. ... years, the explanation of how the Roman Empire of the West and
the wild and unknown districts inhabited by the German races have become the Europe of Gladstone and
Bismarck, of Darwin and Pasteur.
In ... monks lived and what they did for mankind. In short, the object ofan introduction
to mediæval and modern European history is the description of the most significant achievements of western
civilization...
... independent of choice of scale. It
is therefore an important quantity in cosmology: it is an observable measure of
the rate at which the Universe is expanding.
AnIntroductionto the Science of Cosmology
... student of physics, can use these tools to begin to grasp for yourself
a vision of the birth of a whole Universe. And in those times of dark plagues and
enmities, remember that vision, and let ... used, together
with Hubble’s law, to obtain the distance to a galaxy, provided that the galaxy
is far enough away for the contribution of random velocities to the redshift to
be unimportant. Note...
... and God’s law. The law
can be understood and accepted, and a desire can ex-
ist to act in accordance with it, but often the pas-
sions of the body conflict with the law and win the
struggle. To ... different ar-
rangements; so although the actual atoms do not
change, the objects of which they are made can
change. Humans, too, are bundles of atoms, and the
soul or mind is made up of smooth, ... con-
sists of guesses, of hypotheses, rather than of final
and certain truths; and that criticism and critical
discussion are our only means of getting nearer to
the truth. It thus leads to the tradition...
... the treaty of Verdun lies in the tolerably definite appearance of a western and an
eastern Frankish kingdom, one of which was to become France and the other Germany. In the kingdom of
Charles ... ever-strengthening Frankish state and the head of the Church.
This good feeling quickly ripened into an alliance, momentous for the history of Europe. In order to
understand this we must glance at the ... independent landowners were held together by feudalism. One who had
land to spare granted a portion of it to another person on condition that the one receiving the land should
swear to be true to him and...