... SignLanguage
Sign language NLG requires 3D spatial representa-
tions and multichannel coordinated output, but it’s
not unique in this requirement. In fact, generation
of a communication signal ...
applications for the generation of gesture
animation and other communication signals
that are not easily encoded as text strings.
1 Introduction and Motivations
American SignLanguage (ASL) is ... English text into
American SignLanguage (ASL) animation
can improve information accessibility for
the majority of deaf adults with limited
English literacy. ASL natural language
generation (NLG)...
... method results in significantly bet-
ter sentence generation outcomes than a
widely adopted approach.
1 Introduction
The problem of sentence boundary determination in
natural languagegeneration exists ... natural language generation
that optimizes a set of criteria based on
examples in a corpus. Compared to exist-
ing sentence boundary determination ap-
proaches, our work offers three signifi-
cant ... general, the SBC is a parameter that is
sensitive to a generation system’s capability such as
its competence in reference expression generation.
If a generation system does not have a robust ap-
proach...
... in a signlanguagegeneration con-
text. In R. Schulmeister and H. Reinitzer, editors, Progress
in signlanguage research.(In honor of Siegmund Prillwitz),
International Studies on SignLanguage ... the last half century sign languages have
been recognized as genuine languages. Thus sign
languages are now accepted as minority languages,
which coexist with majority languages (Neidle et
al., ... R.G. Lee.
2000. The Syntax of AmericanSign Language. MIT Press.
S. Prillwitz, R. Leven, H. Zienert, T. Hanke, J. Henning, et al.
1989. Hamburg Notation System for Sign Languages - An
Introductory...
... Universal Grammar and
American Sign Language: Setting the Null
Argument Parameters. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
MacWhinney, B., & Snow, C. (1985). The Child
Language Data Exchange ...
FELICITY, a sentence generation model that
emulates early child language output, has been
designed in order to determine whether the 'null-
subject' phenomenon in early child language can ... The Child
Language Data Exchange System. Journal of
Child Language, 12, 271-296.
Pinker, S. (1984). Language learnability and
language development. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press....
... models
for language generation, see e.g., Barzilay and Lee
(2002), who use lattices, or Mairesse et al. (2010),
who use dynamic Bayesian networks.
2 Generation Spaces
We are concerned with the generation ... Text
Generation. Proceeding of the 6th International Con-
ference on Natural LanguageGeneration (INLG).
Nina Dethlefs, Heriberto Cuay´ahuitl, and Jette Viethen.
2011. Optimising Natural Language ... (EACL), pages 313–320.
Anja Belz. 2008. Automatic generation of
weather forecast texts using comprehensiveprobabilis-
tic generation- space models. Natural Language Engi-
neering, 1:1–26.
Heriberto Cuay´ahuitl,...
... adjectives can, depend-
ing on context, occur in almost any order:
the large red American car
??the American red large car
*car American red the large
Some orders are more marked than others, but
none ... Langkilde and Kevin Knight. 1998b. The practi-
cal value of n-grams in generation. In Proceedings
of the International Natural Language Generation
Workshop, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario.
Fernando Pereira, ... bigram
method and the memory-based learning method
The order of prenominal adjectives
in natural language generation
Robert Malouf
Alfa Informatica
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Postbus 716
9700 AS Groningen
The...
... 1986.
Description-Directed Natural Language Generation.
Proceedingm el tAe Ninth IJCAI Conference,
Los Angeles.
84. McKeown, K.R., 1982. Genera~ng Nahum /Language
in l~qJm~ to
Q~m~o~ ~
D~.~b~e ...
both styles is described.
1
Introduction
PAULINE (Planning And Uttering Language In
Natural Environments) is a languagegeneration
program that is able to realize a given input in a
number ... nature of languagegeneration and
the way that generators of the future will have to
be structured.
One insight pertains to the problems encoun-
tered when the various tasks of generation...
... natural language generation.
In ICAPS.
Alexander Koller and Matthew Stone. 2007. Sentence
generation as planning. In Proceedings of ACL.
Oliver Lemon. 2008. Adaptive Natural Language
Generation ... ACL.
Alice Oh and Alexander Rudnicky. 2002. Stochastic
natural languagegeneration for spoken dialog sys-
tems. Computer, Speech & Language, 16(3/4):387–
407.
Tim Paek and Eric Horvitz. 2000. ... the users rate the
individual presentation strategies as significantly
different (F (2) = 1361, p < .001). We find that
SUMMARY is rated significantly worse (p = .05
with Bonferroni correction)...
... speeding-up of natural language generation. Its
main advantage for NLG is that the complexity of
the (linguistically oriented) decision making process
during natural languagegeneration can be ... Therefore, the EBL approach is also very
interesting for natural languagegeneration (NLG).
Informally, NLG is the production of a natural
language text from computer-internal representa-
tion of ... be generated.
218
Applying Explanation-based Learning to Control and Speeding-up
Natural LanguageGeneration
Giinter Neumann
DFKI GmbH
Stuhlsatzenhausweg 3
66123 Saarbriicken, Germany
neumann@df...
...
Natural Language Generation& apos;, Proceedings of UCAI-85,
W.Kaufmann Inc., Los Altos CA.
Mann W., Bates M., Grosz G., McDonald D., McKeown K.,
Swartout W., "Report of the Panel on Text
Generation& quot; ... about style
have access to.
Our theory emerged out of design experiments we have
made over the past year with our natural language
generation system, the Zetalisp program MUMBLE. In the
process ... M1T.
McDonald,D. (1984) "[kscription Directed Control: Its
implications for natural language generation& quot;,
International Journal of Computers and Mathematics, 9(1)
Spring 1984.
McDonald,D....
... Criteria in LanguageGeneration
Manfred Stede
Department of Computer Science
University of Toronto
Toronto M5S 1A4, Canada
mstede~cs.toronto.edu
1 Introduction
In natural languagegeneration ... Lexical Selection and Paraphrase in a
Meaning-Text Generation Model. In C. L. Paris,
W. R. Swartout, and W. C. Mann, editors, Natu-
ral LanguageGeneration in Artificial Intelligence
and Computational ... case of conflict, a random choice
is made.
6 Summary and Future Work
An important task in languagegeneration is to
choose the words that most adequately fit into the ut-
terance situation...
... spoken language understanding. In Proceedings of
ICASSP, 2003.
S. Varges and C. Mellish. Instance-based natural language
generation. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the
North American ... automatically evaluating natural lan-
guage generation systems. Computational Linguistics, 25:
529–558, 2009.
V. Rieser and O. Lemon. Natural languagegeneration as
planning under uncertainty for ... extensible language modeling
toolkit. In Proceedings of the International Conference
on Spoken Language Processing, 2002.
M. Tang, X. Luo, and S. Roukos. Active learning for statis-
tical natural language...
... approach, Stoia et al. train classi-
fiers that signal when the context conditions (e.g.
visibility of target and distractors) are appropriate
for the generation of an RE. This method can be
then ... space
reasons, we will present primarily examples in-
stead of definitions.
3.1 TAG sentence generation
The CRISP generation problem (like that of SPUD
(Stone et al., 2003)) assumes a lexicon of entries
consisting ... leaves of the derived tree
we build in this way.
3.2 TAG generation as planning
In the CRISP system, Koller and Stone (2007)
show how this generation problem can be solved
by converting it into...
...
taken in the system, enables the basic language
generation algorithms application independent
and language independent. At the final stage of
language generation it checks the compatibility ... users during a conversation.
1 Introduction
‘Natural LanguageGeneration also known as
‘Automated Discourse Generation or simply
‘Text Generation , is a branch of computational
linguistics, ... Mandarin Chinese. The
NLG part of this system uses trigram language
model for selecting appropriate inflectional form
for target language generation.
When NLG (or NLP) technology is ap-
plied...
... system were among those shown
to be needed in a natural language database
system.
Implementation of the TEXT system for natural
language generation used a portion of the Office
of Naval Research ... interacting mechanisms
constitutes a departure from earlier generation
systems. The approach taken in this research is
that the generation process should not simply
trace the knowledge representation ... a given question.
Although the system was designed to generate
answers to questions about database structure (a
feature lacking in most natural language
database
systems), the same techniques...