advances in protection in smart grid

... Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart ... batteries in energy density, maintaining their high power density; this may be achieved by using ionic liquids with a voltage window more than 4V, by discovering new materials that combine double-layer ... recent advances on technologies for improving the effectiveness of energy storage devices, (iii) practical applications of energy storage, in the emerging era of smart grids The book is organized into...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... are connected directly via S2 Stepwise increases in ISC result in inflection points in VSC The above-mentioned sequence is repeated to maintain VLoad within a desired voltage range bounded by ... techniques In conventional switching converters including the SCCs shown in the previous section, switching losses caused by high-frequency switching operations are a major factor in reducing power ... systems employing kinetic energy storage in a rotating mass With the advent of modern machinery, flywheels became commonplace as steam engines and internal combustion engines require smoothing of the...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... worth mentioning that several papers, from related literature, refer to obtaining RORs, differing only in the technique used for setting the points and implementing the obtained RORs In (Soares ... finding an optimum in the nearby region of the initial starting guess; however, these methods work very efficiently in the vicinity of the optimum Global methods aim at obtaining the global minimum ... obtaining a global optimum, several approaches can be used to continue searching once a local minimum has been obtained, thereby enabling the identification of all local minima Once all local minima...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... energy in the hydroelectric system This different behavior is obtained by different settings in the linguistic 84 16 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era Will-be-set-by -IN- TECH of Smart Grids Fig ... stored in the system regarding the last interval of the planning horizon (ESS60 ) Since the decisions taken at interval of the planning depends on the decisions taken in the past and determine the ... actual water in ows occurred during the periods in order to obtain the solution with the perfect knowledge of water in ows for the entire planning horizon The natural water in ows used in the operational...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids particles as shown in Fig 5(c) The peeled shells are in spreading state and the core material has been separated without covering We show particular interest ... will decrease following with the internal cracks or microcapsules rupture [21] 124 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids These entire interface changes certainly influence and shorten ... treatment in the interface of microPCMs and epoxy matrix obviously, as shown in Fig 16 (d-f) With the increasing of Ct, the absorbingreleasing of latent heat will more intensively in composites...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... electro-chemical driving force for transferring potassium ions into the matrix, leads to the opening of KATP channel which in turn results in osmotic swelling In order to maintain electrical balance, ... Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids Such thermodynamic models can also be used in assessing the effect of some drugs used for weight loss or doping In fact weight loss through reducing the ... energy transductions in such systems could play a key role in applying these patterns in industry and other relevant areas In developing models for energy transductions in biological systems,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids energy generating sets (EGS) still are and will probably be in near future based mainly on generators driven by combustion engines using fossil fuels EGS initially ... interleaving each other by means of an input coupling inductor The concept is based on the controlling the two identical legs with a phase shifting equal to one-half of the switching period In ... diesel engines or wind turbines, use power electronics systems as interface Power electronics has changed rapidly during the last 20 – 30 years and number applications have been increasing, mainly...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... the Emerging Era of Smart Grids to result in conformal coating of amorphous FePO4 Peptide molecules (Fmocdiphenylalanine; Figure 22(b)), are assembled into the network in H2O, as depicted in Figure ... complicated combination of non-covalent interactions including hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions between the building blocks and ... moderate binding affinity to CNTs (EC#1), and those with strong binding affinity to CNTs (EC#2) EC#1 and EC#2 display higher specific capacity at every current rate compared with E4, indicating that...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... supercapacitors appearing in business and popular magazines show increasing interest by the general public in this topic (Simon & Gogotsi, 2008; Whittingham et al., 2004) Depending on the charge ... Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, 2Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, P.R China Introduction Energy is always a priority issue for human beings In the 21st century, ... polymeric backbone linking disulfide bonds and not dissolve in solvents during discharge process But it is difficult to recombine perfectly during charging process, so that the cycling property is...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... XiaoJin Li, ChangChun Ke, ShuGuo Qu, Jin Li, ZhiGang Shao and BaoLian Yi Laboratory of Fuel Cell System & Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Introduction ... Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids 4.3 Diffusion coefficient of water Water transport in the Nafion membrane influences the proton transport in the membrane(Sumner, Creager et al 1998; Inzelt, ... immerged into CH3OH/TEOS solution (30°C) to carry out the in- situ solgel reaction for minutes The diameter of SiO2 nanoparticle incorporated in Nafion was controlled by changing the in- situ sol-gel...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... currents inserted from the upstream network (Boutsika et al., 2005) When micro-sources are embedded in the 304 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids distribution network, an increase in ... maximum power rating of the energy storage The final constraint is presented in equation 13; the aim of this constraint is to avoid selling and buying electricity at the same time step Min (Esellt ... conclusions of each section Micro -grid intentional islanding An overview of the main technical challenges regarding the grid- connected and islanded mode of micro-grids is provided Appropriate solutions...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... be defined later in section 4.2.3 For instance, renewable mix named “Baseline” includes all technologies according to current levels of each one in Spain For 326 Energy Storage in the Emerging ... Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids During this transition certain inefficiencies must be admitted, such as increments in Renewable Energy Losses Figure 25 shows extreme results (again for ... feasible The positive influence of current large hydro storages can be incremented if some more actions were taken Particularly interesting is the possibility of increasing turbine ratings of the whole...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... long-term storage plants in order to eliminate mechanical gears Smartgrid and microgrids Simultaneously, the implementation of smart/ microgrids is accelerating A key goal of SmartGrid City (Boulder, ... modulation index of inverter is m=0.5 in order to guarantee a sinusoidal output current of the inverter neglecting pulse-width-modulated (PWM) switching harmonics Three operating modes will be investigated: ... one solar panel 358 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids g Operating mode #2: What is the payback period (in years, without taking into account interest payments) of this solar plant...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids Fig 26 Application of energy storage system for grading of track EES with flywheel Interesting energy storage system used in industry is flywheel ... Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids Example of using SC in light rail Fig 24 shows principle schema of energy storage system with supercapacitors This topic is described in the (Drabek ... is discharging by next accelerating in time 14-17s In time 23s SC is fully charge and redundant energy is taking out by braking resistors RBR (if the recuperating to the trolley line is not possible...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... additional losses Replacing the double three-phase inverter by one three phase matrix converter the DC link capacitors are eliminated, reducing costs, size, maintenance, and increasing reliability and ... can be obtained (Pinto et al, 2001), representing the output voltages and input currents in αβ coordinates The command of the matrix converter switches can be accomplished using a Venturini based ... Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids According to (1), the relationship between load and input voltages can be expressed as: ⎡ vA ⎣ T vC ⎤ = S ⎡ va ⎦ ⎣ vB vb vc ⎤ ⎦ T (2) Using the transpose...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... Monitoring fading rate of ultracapacitors using online characterization during power cycling Microelectronics Reliability, 47 (9-11) 1751-1755 Marine Institute/ Sustainable Energy Ireland (2005) In: Accessible ... and increased power and traction effort are realized both at powering and breaking as shown in Figure In this system, increased power of the 466 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids ... recent years in research and development funding, infrastructure creation, foreshore license policy streamlining, and policy development 440 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids 2.1...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... m )=F ( m) = ⎡ ⎣ ⎤ ⎦ Charging power of EDLC Time Motor power Discharging power of EDLC Braking motor power IEEJ Annual Conference 2006 Proceedings of EPE 2009 Proceedings of EPE 2009 Meidenjiho ... Technical Meeting on Transportation and Electric Railway, IEEJ The Papers of Technical Meeting on Transportation and Electric Railway IEEJ IEEJ Technical Report Proceedings of EPE 2009 Proceedings of ... Technical Report Proceedings of EPE 2009 Proceedings of The IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... response is a newly introducing concept for making the markets in electric power industry Microgrid is an independent local power system with a small scale of generators including renewable energy ... User interface example of market simulator so forth, in near future This trend comes to the vision of smart grid as shown in Figure [3] Many new concepts and paradigms are introduced into the smart ... Figure 2: Smart grid vision [3] Long-term Investment planning Short-term Operation scheduling 120 100 80 Electricity market price Production cost Emission trading Resource assessment Feed -in tariff...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 23:20

... in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids conducting polymers as active materials Hybrid capacitors, combining a capacitive or pseudo-capacitive electrode with a battery electrode, are the latest kind ... attributed to its intriguing architectures consisting of mesopores and nanowire arrays 262 Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids This approach will have potential applications in the fabrication ... a key role in energy storage and harvesting, decreasing the total energy consumption and minimizing the use of hydrocarbon fuels In some instances they will replace batteries, but in many cases...

Ngày tải lên: 26/06/2014, 23:20

... Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart ... are connected directly via S2 Stepwise increases in ISC result in inflection points in VSC The above-mentioned sequence is repeated to maintain VLoad within a desired voltage range bounded by ... techniques In conventional switching converters including the SCCs shown in the previous section, switching losses caused by high-frequency switching operations are a major factor in reducing power...

Ngày tải lên: 26/06/2014, 23:20