a perception based model

... (such as the syntactic and semantic pro- cessors), apply maximally to any input, thereby con- structing a maximal, partial interpretation for a given partial input signal. This entails that each ... on locally identifiable links of a Chain: (5) In an argument (NP) Chain, i) <C-Node- A- co C-NodeA> case-mark(C-Nodea) or, ii) C-NodeA - head(Chain) * ease-mark(C-Nodea) In an argument ... to it as a 'unit' Chain, representing an unmoved element. We noted above that each representation's schema provides a natural locality constraint. That is, we should be able...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 02:20

... (Haveman, 1992); and (4) management team change (Castrogiovanni, Baliga and Kidwell, 1992). 13 As mentioned earlier, research on organizational change is one of the areas in organization ... the late 1970s, can be seen as a breakaway from the traditional view on how attitudes are formed is based on the assumption that attitudes are situational in nature. According to this approach, ... theoretical and empirical research in organizational change and employees’ reactions to 3 Organizational change can be considered as a class of organization theory. 4 Note that it is important...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:21

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 23:20

... 4.1.1 Benchmark Datasets Our experiments are based on the Chinese benchmark dataset, COAE08 (Zhao et al., 2008). COAE dataset is the benchmark data set for the opinion retrieval track in the ... represented by a bag-of-word. Among the words, there is a topic term Avatar (t 1 ) occurring twice, i.e. Avatar in A and Avatar in C, and two senti- ment words comfortable (o 1 ) and favorite (o 2 ) ... document. A weighted dictionary was generated from previous TREC relevance data (Amati et al., 2007). This dictionary was submit- ted as a query to a search engine to get an initial query-independent...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... SMS normalization. 2.3 SMS Normalization versus Text Para- phrasing Problem Others may regard SMS normalization as a para- phrasing problem. Broadly speaking, paraphrases capture core aspects ... a consensus translation technique to bootstrap parallel data using off-the-shelf translation sys- tems for training a hierarchical statistical transla- tion model for general domain instant ... minimal adaptation. One advantage of this pre-translation normalization is that the di- versity in different user groups and domains can be modeled separately without accessing and adapting...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... sentence pairs extracted from pre-aligned data(Utiyama and Isahara, 2003) as a gold standard. We segmented all the Japanese data with the automatic segmenter Juman (Kurohashi and Nagao, 1994). ... Related Work Automatic word alignment of parallel corpora is an important step for data-oriented Machine trans- lation (whether Statistical or Example -Based) as well as for automatic lexicon acquisition. ... Rada Mihalcea and Ted Pedersen, editors, HLT-NAACL 2003 Workshop: Building and Using Parallel Texts: Data Driven Ma- chine Translation and Beyond, pages 1–10, Edmon- ton, Alberta, Canada, May...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 02:20

... exponential translation model for target language morphology. In ACL-HLT. C. Tillmann. 2004. A unigram orientation model for statistical machine translation. In NAACL. K. Toutanova, H. Suzuki, and A. ... similar agreement phenom- ena as probabilistic sequences. Factored Translation Models Factored transla- tion models (Koehn and Hoang, 2007) facilitate a more data-oriented approach to agreement modeling. Words ... phrase ta- ble annotations and can be easily implemented as a feature in many phrase -based decoders. 1 Introduction Languages vary in the degree to which surface forms reflect grammatical relations....

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 19:20

... 704-711. Daniel Marcu and William Wong. 2002. A phrase- based, joint probability model for statistical machine translation. EMNLP-02, 133-139 Daniel Marcu, W. Wang, A. Echihabi and K. Knight. ... statistical machine translation with syn- tactified target language phrases. EMNLP-06. 44-52. Franz J. Och and Hermann Ney. 2004. The alignment template approach to statistical machine translation. ... phrase -based or syntax -based. Between them, the phrase -based approach (Marcu and Wong, 2002; Koehn et al, 2003; Och and Ney, 2004) allows lo- cal reordering and contiguous phrase translation....

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 01:20

... linguistically motivated grammar (a hand-crafted Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar) and a statistical model estimating the probability of a parse tree. The language model is applied by means of an N-best ... create an artificial recognition task with manageable complexity. Our primary aim was to design a task which allows us to investigate the properties of our grammar -based approach and to compare ... prac- tice, but they have no theoretical justification. Our grammar -based language model is incorporated into the above expression as an additional probability P gr am (W ), weighted by a parameter...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 02:20

... learned without any syntactically-annotated training data, improve translation accuracy significantly compared with a state-of-the-art phrase -based system. They also facilitate the incorporation ... as a metric, the hierarchical phrase- based model achieves a relative improve- ment of 7.5% over Pharaoh, a state-of-the-art phrase -based system. 1 Introduction The alignment template translation ... USA dchiang@umiacs.umd.edu Abstract We present a statistical phrase -based transla- tion model that uses hierarchical phrases— phrases that contain subphrases. The model is formally a synchronous...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 05:20

... together with a bigram language model. Then each of these analysis is rescored using the TAG chan- nel model and a syntactic parser based language model. The TAG channel model s analysis do not ... sentence, and we do this by reranking the initial analysis, replacing the bi- gram language model with a syntactic parser based model. We do not need to intersect this parser based language model ... words than the classifier proposed in Charniak and Johnson (2001). Replacing the bigram language model with a trigram model helps slightly, and parser- based language model results in a significant performance...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 06:20

... it requires a training data. Because the existing Korean POS tagged corpora are annotated by a morpheme level, we cannot use them as a training data without converting the data suitable for the ... Korean syllables are pos- sible 3 Actually, of syllables are used in the training data, including Korean characters and non-Korean characters (e.g. al- phabets, digits, Chinese characters, symbols). (1) (2) Two ... boundaries. The statistical in- formation is automatically acquired from a POS an- notated corpus and the word boundary can be de- tected by using an additional tag to represent the boundary of a...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 06:20

... a suitable amount of training data, the model can thus learn to make the correct deci- sion. The dynamic-programming based graph- based parser is designed in such a way that any score calculation ... in the beam are recalculated based on a scoring model inspired by the graph -based parsing ap- proach, i.e., taking complete factors into account as they become incrementally available. As a con- sequence ... compare aspects of transition -based and graph -based pars- ing, and end up using a transition -based parser with a combined transition -based/ second-order graph -based scoring model (Zhang and Clark, 2008, 567),...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 22:20

... in archaea the top and bottom is rep- resented by Haloarcula marismortui (146 proteins) and Nanoarchaeum equitans (five proteins). The genomes of Oryza sativa and Xenopus tropicalis have many ... within the same range as for other eukaryotes. There are four eukaryotic parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmo- dium yoelii, Leishmania major and Entamoeba histolyti- ca) for which the ratio of ... 15%, respectively. The bacterial genome of Chlamydophila caviae also show a dual sites proportion of 15%, while the archeal genomes of Thermococcus kodakaraensis and Nanoarchaeum equitans show 17 and 20%, respect- ively....

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 10:21

... 2007. Bilingual lsa -based adaptation for statistical machine translation. Machine Translation, 21(4):187–207. Hua Wu, Haifeng Wang, and Chengqing Zong. 2008. Domain adaptation for statistical machine translation with ... Proc. HLT-NAACL 2003. Philipp Koehn. 2004. Statistical significance tests for machine translation evaluation. In Proc. EMNLP 2004. David Mimno, Hanna M. Wallach, Jason Naradowsky, David A. Smith, and Andrew ... 2008. Thomas Hofmann. 1999. Probabilistic latent semantic analysis. In Proc. of UAI 1999, pages 289–296. Philipp Koehn, Franz Josef Och, and Daniel Marcu. 2003. Statistical phrase -based translation....

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 14:20

... Cost Model of Annotations Based on Eye-Tracking Data Katrin Tomanek Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab Universit ¨ at Jena Jena, Germany Udo Hahn Language & Information Engineering ... can rationally manage these investments so that annotation cam- paigns are economically doable without loss in an- notation quality. The economics of annotations are at the core of Active Learning ... relate observables of complex cognitive tasks (such as gaze dura- tion and gaze movements for named entity anno- tation) to explanatory models (in our case, a time- based cost model for annotation)...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 19:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20