a model for second language learning spolsky 1989 p 28

... approximation of that of a native speaker: Knowing a language 35 Condition Native Speaker Target condition (typical, graded): Second language learner language approximates native speaker language ... socially provided formal or informal learning opportunities The interplay between language learner and learning opportunity (and in particular language addressed to the second language learner as ... learner’s knowledge of a second language forms a systematic whole Condition Native Speaker Target condition (typical, graded): Second language learner language aims to approximate native speaker...

Ngày tải lên: 28/07/2016, 15:53

... research For example, Schumann's Acculturation Model, which viewed second language acquisition as just one part of adapting to a new culture, emphasized findings related to language socialization ... wrong to each model, since it looks at different aspects of language acquisition and provides sensible explanation for that part of acquisition Another outstanding aspect of Second Language Acquisition ... causes Generally speaking, the attitudes towards learning the second language will pave ways for the desire to learn the language and the effort made to learn it The latter two components can...

Ngày tải lên: 07/09/2013, 13:06

... NIST Language Recognition Evaluation (LRE) data The database was intended to establish a baseline of performance capability for language recognition of conversational telephone speech The database ... bag-ofsounds phonotactic language modeling, λlLM , and classification computationally manageable Suppose we have only one prototypical vector cl and its projection in the Q-space vl to represent language ... ICASSP Yonghong Yan, and Etienne Barnard 1995 An approach to automatic language identification based on language dependent phone recognition, In Proc of ICASSP George K Zipf 1949 Human Behavior and...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 15:20

... grammar ”(M.Nagao, 1996) Each node is expressed by a predicate formalism, in general, as following, LTAG of Japanese 2.1 The Characteristic of Japanese Japanese phrases are classified in ... discussing and providing information on LTAG as well as the status quo of natural language processing The work reported in this paper was partially supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research ... temporary stack at that instance, if any, should have been obstacles for the popped up SAT to modify the target word And they are marked “ ” After all the SATs in the main stack have been examined,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 05:20

... the capsid  Glycoproteins remain exposed as spikes (peplomers)- essential for attachment Functions of the Viral Capsid/Envelope  Protects nucleic acids  Help introduce the viral DNA or RNA into ... phages that undergo adsorption and penetration but are not replicated or released immediately  Instead the viral DNA enters an inactive prophage stage  Lysogeny: the cell’s progeny will also have ... Bacteriophage  Most contain dsDNA  Often make the bacteria they infect more pathogenic for humans T-even Phages        Icosahedral capsid head containing DNA Central tube surrounded by a sheath...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 12:58

... linguistics that the correct mapping will pre- Problem Formulation We are given a corpus in a lost language and a nonparallel corpus in a related language from the same language family Our primary goal ... co-occurrence analysis operate over large corpora, which are typically unavailable for a lost language Finally, Knight and Yamada (1999) and Knight et al (2006) describe a computational HMMbased method for ... regular phonetic relationships between the two languages (as exemplified by cognates) As a result, each character in one language will map to a small number of characters in the other language (typically...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... earmarked for any specific purpose; rather, all funds raised have been placed in the general fund In summary, the prior war bonds program in the Second World War is a problematic model for Iraq/Afghanistan ... greater financial resources to purchase victory loans These sales absorbed potential consumer spending that would have exacerbated inflation and expanded black market activity The purchase of war ... Iraq/Afghanistan war bonds This analysis concludes that prior war bonds issued during the Second World War are a problematic model for a new Iran/Afghanistan “war bond.” War Bonds in the Second...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 03:20

... grammatical component of a natural language system A great advantage of a modular design especially for uniform architectures is that it is possible to view the grammatical component as relatively autonomous ... necessary to be aware that the grammatical component must be assumed to be an integrated part of a whole natural language system (in particular in models for performing dialogs) in order to realize ... on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language Dymetman, M.; Isabelle P and Perrauit, F 1990 "A Symmetrical Approach to Parsing and Generation," Proceedings...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 00:20

... interruption, with the change of pedagogical approach, in early 1980s, the interest in literature in language teaching was awaken strongly again because of the exploration of potential language ... in language teaching The fifth part will explore the importance of adapting literary texts in second language class room to improve language skills The final part will discuss how folktales are ... view that literary knowledge of second language enhanced students process of acquiring their target language, accessing to literary works was assumed a part of the 15 purpose of language learning...

Ngày tải lên: 05/02/2014, 22:31

... Semantics; an Interlinqual Knowledae Based Approach Foris, Dordrecht, Holland Paxton, W.H 1977 A Framework for Speech Understanding Ph.D Dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, California Pereira, ... only if pl and p2 are not applicable REFERENCES AJCL 1983 Special issue on ill-formed input American 5ournal of computational linauistics 9(3-4) Arnold, Doug 1986 Eurotra: A European Perspective ... the form p = (Patternl > Pattern2) The name of the rule is p, and Patternl and Pattern2 are current patterns When given two arguments (two representations or subparts) A and B (written p (A, B))...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 10:20

... software such as aggrescan [42] or tango [43] Protein aggregation can be understood as an anomalous type of protein–protein interaction As for native interactions, the attainment of ordered aggregated ... different conformational and functional properties [48] However, apart from the primary sequence, the particular structural and thermodynamic properties of proteins modulate their deposition in physiologically ... bodies Appl Environ Microbiol 73, 289 –294 2426 35 Nahalka J, Dib I & Nidetzky B (2008) Encapsulation of Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase and fast comparison of the operational stabilities...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 00:20

... Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp 315-323 Rada Mihalcea, Courtney Corley and Carlo Strapparava 2006 Corpus-based and Knowledge-based Measures of Text Semantic Similarity Proceedings ... are some works aimed at extracting particular types of figurative language For example, Nissim and Markert (2003) proposed a machine learning algorithm for metonymy resolution They state the problem ... 2008 Julia Birke and Anoop Sarkar 2006 A Clustering Approach for the Nearly Unsupervised Recognition of Nonliteral Language Proceedings of EACL-06 Max Black 1954 Metaphor Proceedings of the Aristotelian...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... closed-form estimates This paper presents an alternative approach based on exponential phrase models, which can straightforwardly handle feature sets with arbitrarily elaborate source-side dependencies ... Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL 2007) M Carpuat and D Wu 2007b How Phrase Sense Disambiguation outperforms Word ... on Machine Learning F.J Och 2003 Minimum Error Rate Training for Statistical Machine Translation In Proc ACL 2003 A Ramanathan, H Choudhary, A Ghosh, P Bhattacharyya 2009 Case markers and Morphology:...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA A Yamada, T Yamamoto, H Ikeda, T Nishida, and S Doshita 1992 Reconstructing spatial image from natural language texts In Proc of COLING- 9P, pages ... representation of RDs, we need a prototypical model of their referent which is the route We have decomposed it into a path and landmarks A path is made up of transfers and relays Relays are abstract points ... the conceptual one For the sake of the linguistic representation, we thought it necessary to carry out an analysis of real examples and elaborate a linguistic model of this particular type of discourse...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... this paper, we have shown that tree kernels can effectively be adopted in practical natural language applications The main arguments against their use are their efficiency and accuracy lower than ... kernels for shallow semantic parsing In proceedings ACL04, Barcelona, Spain Sameer Pradhan, Kadri Hacioglu, Valeri Krugler, Wayne Ward, James H Martin, and Daniel Jurafsky 2005 Support vector learning ... Philadelphia, PA T Joachims 1999 Making large-scale SVM learning practical In B Sch¨lkopf, C Burges, and A Smola, editors, o Advances in Kernel Methods - Support Vector Learning Junichi Kazama and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... Whittingham 1997) Males in a group form a dominance hierarchy, with older males being more dominant Groups larger than pairs generally form through natal philopatry of males, although occasionally males ... Gardens and in the adjacent Canberra Nature Park (c km2 ), and there was dispersal both into and out of the Gardens The Gardens occupy an area of 40 ha, of which 27 are planted with native Australian ... competence and group size For example, general incompetence at breeding may mean that a yearling female in a pair will have relatively poor success compared to later years when she is more competent,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 16:20

... Genomics) for running many of the analytical ultracentrifugation samples, A Padovani for making the W56F variant and J A Kornblatt for encouragement and advice Financial support was provided by the Natural ... QuickChange method (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) The primer sequences were as follows: 5¢-GG GGT GTT ATG GTT TCC CAT CGA TCT GAA GAA ACT GAA GAC (G376E) and 5¢-CCA TTC TTG AAC GTT TTA AAC GGT GAT ... BioCorp Inc (Montreal, Canada), restriction enzymes from MBI Fermentas (Burlington, Canada), CM-Sepharose and Q-Sepharose from Amersham (Piscataway, NJ, USA) and phosphoenolpyruvate from Roche (Basel,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 06:20

... semantic predicates, a list of scopal constraints, syntactic, prosodic and pragmatic information as well as tense and aspect and sortal information An example of a VIT for the sentence Montag ... parsing, since the parser has to simultaneously perform two tasks: Searching for a path to be analysed and analysing it as well If the analysis procedure is too liberal, it may already accept ... the approach described 5.1 Storing Partial Analyses The first task of the robust semantic processing is to manage a possibly large number of partial analyses, each spanning a certain sub-interval...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 07:20

... of anaphora References S Aubin, A Nazarenko and C Nedellec 2005 Adapting a General Parser to a Sublanguage Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing ... relationships, a directed acyclic graph, and a set of conditionnal probablities, each node being represented as a Random Variable (RV) Parametrizing the BN associates an a priori probability distribution ... false positive cases, n the number of non-anaphoric pronoun ocurrences tagged as anaphoric, the false negative cases P and N are the numbers of correctly tagged non-anaphoric and anaphoric pronoun...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 22:20

... Communicative Approach, Total Physical Response, Natural Approach, and Competency-Based Approach As you will see, these approaches overlap Communicative activities particularly are impossible to pin down ... Traditional language teaching Grammar Translation Method Direct Method Audio-lingual Method Communicative language teaching Communicative Approach Total Physical Response Natural Approach Competency-Based ... approach Communicative approach Background The emphasis is placed on using the target language to accomplish a function such as complaining, advising, or asking for information Attention is also...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 08:20