... many processors can manipulate the data in
the nodes of the data structure in parallel.
Each processor in the CM can have its own local
variables. These variables are called
parallel variables, ... implementing parallel nat-
ural language programs on real hardware has clarified
which operations and programming techniques are the
most efficient and useful. Programs that build upon
general algorithms ...
or
parallel fields.
When a host computer program per-
forms a serial operation on aparallel variable, that op-
eration is performed separately in each processor in the
CM. For example, a...
... MCG data and angiographic data. Fi-
nally, microvascular disease, not associated with de-
finable epicardial vessel lesions on angiography, re-
sulting in myocardial ischemia can create a false ... that each patient was
already scheduled for the reference coronary an-
giography for any indication. Coronary angiographic
data was recorded digitally and on cine angiographic
film and was ... central server
location in New York. All MCG analyses in this da-
tabase have been validated against the final medical
and angiographic diagnoses, confirmed by two inde-
pendent academic angiographers...
... ff
Potentially
parallelizable
part
…
fT (1 – f)T/n
Figure 8-9. (a) A program has a sequential part and a parallel-
izable part. (b) Effect of running part of the program in paral-
lel.
CPU CPU CPU
Packet
going ... multiprocessor.
(a)
Machine 1 Machine 2
Language
run-time
system
Operating
system
Shared memory
Application
Hardware
Language
run-time
system
Operating
system
Application
Hardware
(b)
Machine 1 Machine 2
Language
run-time
system
Operating
system
Shared ... 2
Language
run-time
system
Operating
system
Shared memory
Application
Hardware
Language
run-time
system
Operating
system
Application
Hardware
(c)
Machine 1 Machine 2
Language
run-time
system
Operating
system
Shared...
... 230V AC is
still present.
AC Waveforms
While a DC voltage doesn’t change, AC voltage is always altern
ating
back and forth in a fixed way. The voltage is constantly changing from
some positive value, ... Faraday’s armature was a stationary coil of
wire, though generators may make use of moving or rotating wire coils.
Next, we’ll look at a simple way of using a permanent magnet field along
with a ... manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their prod-
ucts are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and The
Pragmatic Programmers, LL C was aware of a tra demark claim,...
... sub-sentential alignments
in parallel corpora and applied it on three differ-
ent parallel corpora that are part of the same auto-
motive corpus. Comparisons with standard termi-
nology extraction programs ... conditioning
commande control
tableau panel
2. combine each NP + PP chunk:
commande de climatisa-
tion automatique
automatic air condition-
ing control
tableau de commande de
climatisation automatique
automatic ... of the candidate terms.
The candidate terms are generated in several
steps, as illustrated below for example (3).
(3) Fr: Tableau de commande de climatisation automa-
tique
En: Automatic air conditioning...
... onto a massively
parallel SIMD (MP-SIMD) chip, amassivelyparallel processor array (MPPA) and onto an field-programmable gate
arrays (FPGA).
1 Introduction
Nowadays, medical experts have to deal ... the task parallelism instead of
its massive data parallelism also provides good results.
3 Pixel -Parallel Processor Arrays
Conventi onal image-processing systems (which integrate
a camera and a ... done on-chip and that a parallelism
degree as high as in the pixel -parallel processor array
cannot be achieved due to the shortage of hardware
resources, an alternative architecture was proposed
Nieto...
... temp;
}
OUTPUT
Enter the Range
Lower limit a = 0
Upper limit b = 6
Enter the number of subintervals = 6
Value of the integral is: 1.3571
598
COMPUTER BASED NUMERICAL AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
Enter the value of ... ALGORITHM FOR TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
Step 1. Start of the program for numerical integration
Step 2. Input the upper and lower limits a and b
Step 3. Obtain the number of subinterval by h = (b a) /n
Step 4. ... initial and final limits =:”);
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING IN ‘C’ LANGUAGE
603
13.34
ALGORITHM FOR FITTING A STRAIGHT LINE OF THE FORM
Y = a + bX
Step 1. Start of the program for fitting straight line
Step...
... This page
intentionally left
blank
This page
intentionally left
blank
A TEXTBOOK OF
COMPUTER BASED NUMERICAL
AND
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
Anju Khandelwal
M.Sc., Ph.D.
Department of Mathematics
SRMS ... Based Numerical and Statistical Techniques’ is primarily written
according to the unified syllabus of Mathematics for B. Tech. II year and M.C .A. I year students
of all Engineering colleges affiliated ... program in C-
language to understand the steps and methodology used in writing the program.
Thorough care has been taken to eradicate errors but perfection cannot be claimed. The
reader are requested...
... problems. A major
advantage for numerical technique is that a numerical answer can be obtained even when a
problem has no analytical solution. However, result from numerical analysis is an approximation,
in ... value – Approximate value
A computer has a finite word length and so only a fixed number of digits are stored and
used during computation. This would mean that even in storing an exact decimal ... converted to decimal form understandable to the users and some more error may
be introduced at this stage. In general, we can say that Error = True value – Approximate value. The
errors may be divided...
... approximately equal to the algebraic
sum of their relative errors.
Example 23. The discharge Q over a notch for head H is calculated by the formula
Q = kH
5/2
, where k is a given constant. If ... 3
Hence maximum percentage error (E
p
)
max
= 11.667%.
Example 26. How accurately should the length and time of vibration of a pendulum should be
measured in order that the computed value of ... ERRORS AND FLOATING POINT
9
Example 11. Find the relative error in calculation of
7.342
0.241
. Where numbers 7.342 and 0.241 are
correct to three decimal places. Determine the smallest interval...
... Given δb = 2 mm = 0.2 cm
a = 1 mm = 0.1 cm
sin A =
−
⇒=
1
sin
a
a
A
bb
∂
∂
A
a
=
222
2
11 1
1
b
aba
b
⋅=
−
−
∂
∂
A
b
=
2
222
2
1
1
aa
b
abba
b
⋅− =−
−
−
A <
AA
ab
aa
∂∂
δ+δ
∂∂
22 22
12.3
0.1 ... 32. In a ∆ABC, b = 9.5 cm, c = 8.5 cm and A = 45
o
, find allowable errors in b, c, and
A such that the area of ∆ABC may be determined nearest to a square centimeter.
Sol. Let area of the ∆ABC be ... semantics are also specified in detail by the IEEE standards, are not
always handled the same way. It turns out that many manufacturers believe (sometimes rightly
and sometimes wrongly) that...
... obtained by
x
1
=
2
22
44
and
22
bb ac bb ac
aa
−+ − −− −
=x
These are called closed form solution. Similar formulae are also available for cubic and
biquadratic polynomial equations but we rarely ... 0.1823e3]
CHAPTER 2
Algebraic and Transcendental Equation
2.1 INTRODUCTION
We have seen that expression of the form
f(x)= a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n –1
+ + a
n –1
x + a
n
where a s are constant (a
0
≠
0) and ... 26
COMPUTER BASED NUMERICAL AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
The basic operations specified by IEEE arithmetic are first and foremost addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. Square roots...
... negative.
Thus f(0.5) is negative and f(1) is positive. Then the root lies between 0.5 and 1.
40
COMPUTER BASED NUMERICAL AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
Second approximation: The second approximation ... f(0) is negative and f(1) is positive, therefore, a root lies between 0 and 1.
ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATION
37
Here e
i
and e
i + 1
are the errors in i
th
and (i + 1)
th
iterations respectively. ... of the Equation
f
(
x
) = 0
Step 1: Choose two initial guess values (approximation) a and b (where (a > b)) such that
f (a) . f(b) < 0.
Step 2: Evaluate the mid point x
1
of a and b given...
... 1.4036
0.10203
=
Since, x
3
and x
4
are approximately the same upto four places of decimal, hence the required
root of the given equation is 1.4036.
48
COMPUTER BASED NUMERICAL AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
Using ... four places of decimal.
ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATION
53
Example 3. Using the method of False Position, find the root of equation x
6
– x
4
– x
3
–1 = 0 up
to four decimal places.
Sol. ... between 1.6866 and 2.
50
COMPUTER BASED NUMERICAL AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
and f(3) = (3)
3
– 2(3) – 5 = 16
Therefore, a root lies between 2 and 3.
First approximation: Therefore taking x
0
=...