a caselabelled dependency represening

... Research and Development; vol. i. Bo~uraev, B.K. and K. Sparck Jones (1983) A natural language front end to data bases with evaluative feedback. In New Applications of Da~aha~as (Ed. Garadin and ... application domains: notably as a part of a free text retrieval system and as part of a natural language front end to a relational database system. i. Introduction This pa[~er describes a progrmn ... retrieval (Sparck Jones and Tait, 198 4a and 1984b) and relational database access (Bcguraev and Sparck Jales, 1983). The program described here is efficient (rarely taking more than a few fractions...

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 01:20

... of Utrecht. Kahane Sylvain, Alexis Nasr, Owen Rambow, 1998, “Pseudo-Projectivity: a Polynomially Parsable Non-Projective Dependency Grammar”, COLING- ACL’98, Montreal, 646-52. Kathol Andreas, 1995, Linearization-based ... in contrast to X-bar syntax, 3.1 Definition of the Grammar For a grammar, the parameters to instantiate are the vocabulary V, the set of (lexical) cate- gories C, the set of syntactic relations ... syntactic representation. Following Tesnière (1959) and numerous analyses that have since corrobo- rated his analysis, we assume that the relative pronoun plays a double syntactic role: • On one hand, it has a...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... up. cat(D a red apple ) = LA(cat(D a ), LA(cat(D red ), cat(D apple ))) = LA(LC(cat(D a ), cat(D red )), cat(D apple )) Based on Theorem 2, it follows that combinatory operation of categories has ... 2003. Syntax- based language models for statistical machine transla- tion. In Proceedings of MT Summit IX. D. Chiang. 2005. A hierarchical phrase-based model for statistical machine translation. ... exploit various translation fragments learned in the training data, while the operations in mono-lingual parsing were designed to avoid artificial ambiguity of derivation. Charniak et al. (2003)...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 02:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 18:20

... Portugal. Federico Sangati and Chiara Mazza. 2009. An English Dependency Treebank ` a la Tesni ` ere. In The 8th In- ternational Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories, pages 173–184, Milan, ... have chosen the same strategy we have described in (Sangati et al., 2009). The idea consists of utilizing a state of the art parser to compute a list of k-best candidates of a test sentence, and ... coordination, a linguistic phenomena highly abundant in natural language production, but of- ten neglected when it comes to evaluating parsing resources. We have therefore proposed a special evaluation...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... (Kurohashi and Na- gao, 1994) or CaboCha (Kudo and Matsumoto, 2002). Although this information is less accu- rate than manually annotated information, these automatic analyzers provide a large amount ... between a case element and a verb. The recent availability of more corpora has en- abled much information about dependency rela- tions to be obtained by using a Japanese depen- dency analyzer such as ... data we used was Kyodai Cor- pus 3.0, a corpus manually annotated with depen- dency relations (Kurohashi and Nagao, 199 8a) . The statistics of the data are as follows: • Training data: 24,263 sentences,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... that are assigned the correct head. Complete accuracy (CA) indicates the fraction of sentences that have a complete cor- rect analysis. We also measure that root accuracy (RA) and leaf accuracy ... features. Overall, the average number of active features in an example is about 50. 4.2 Evaluation We use the same evaluation metrics as in (McDon- ald et al., 2005). Dependency accuracy (DA) ... words after w 2 (as in (Yamada and Matsumoto, 2003)). The key additional feature we use, relative to (Ya- mada and Matsumoto, 2003), is that we include the previous predicted action as a feature....

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... lieben n d n v v mf df mf xf 5.3 Obligatory Head-final Placement Verb clusters are typically head-final in German: non-finite verbs precede their verbal heads. (9) (dass) (that) Maria Maria nom einen a Mann man acc lieben love wird will (10) * (dass) ... July. Erhard Hinrichs and Tsuneko Nakazawa. 1994. Lin- earizing AUXs in German verbal complexes. In Nerbonne et al. (Nerbonne et al., 1994), pages 11– 37. Sylvain Kahane, Alexis Nasr, and Owen Rambow. 1998. ... class; however, modals such as k ¨ onnen do, and may land in either canonical (11) or in extraposed (12) position. This behavior is called ‘optional auxiliary flip’. (11) (dass) (that) Maria Maria einen a Mann man lieben love k ¨ onnen can wird will (that)...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... Non-Projective Dependency Grammar Sylvain Kahane* and Alexis Nasr t and Owen Rambowt • TALANA Universit@ Paris 7 (sk0ccr. jussieu.fr) t LIA Universit@ d'Avignon (alexis. nasr©lia, univ-avignon, ... structure grammars do not. One problem that has posed an impediment to more wide-spread acceptance of dependency grammars is the fact that there is no computationally tractable ver- sion of dependency ... beans Fernando thought yesterday Milagro claims Carlos eats slowly Vcl~us¢ N~au*e beans Fernando yester Nno m claims Vtrans Milagro Nnom eats Adv I I Carlos slowly Figure 4: A sample...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... empirical ac- curacy that can be obtained with transition-based 2-planar parsing, we have evaluated the parser on four data sets from the CoNLL-X shared task (Buchholz and Marsi, 2006): Czech, Danish, ... European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), pages 291– 299. Jan Haji ˇ c, Otakar Smr ˇ z, Petr Zem ´ anek, Jan ˇ Snaidauf, and Emanuel Be ˇ ska. 2004. Prague Arabic ... single-head and acyclicity constraints, guarantees that the depen- dency graphs associated with reachable configura- tions are always 2-planar dependency forests. For completeness, we assume an extended...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... motivated grammar-driven parsing systems achieved high accuracy which are comparable to the treebank-based statistical parsers. Notably are the constraint-based linguistic frameworks with mathematical ... Michael Riley, Brian Roark, and Richard Sproat. 2006. Map adaptation of stochastic grammars. Computer speech and language, 20(1):41–68. Sabine Buchholz and Erwin Marsi. 2006. CoNLL-X shared task ... with mathematical rigor, and provide grammatical anal- yses for a large variety of phenomena. For in- stance, the Head-Driven Phrase Structure Gram- mar (Pollard and Sag, 1994) has been success- fully applied...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 00:20

... to allow w 0 to be linked to the real sentence head. 3.3 ES99 (Eisner and Satta, 99) Eisner and Satta (1999) define an O(n 3 ) parser for split head automaton grammars that can be used 4 Alternatively, ... Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-X), pages 166–170, New York, USA. ACL. Cristina Barbero, Leonardo Lesmo, Vincenzo Lombarlo, and Paola Merlo. 1998. Integration of syntactic and lexical information ... However, in the parsing schemata for these algorithms we can see (and formally prove) that they are related: one is a refinement of the other. Parsing schemata are also a formal tool that can be used...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 01:20

... 'SET', 'N A M E' , (&apos ;A& apos; and 'x') Conceptual Relations: 'N A M E' and 'ELeMent'. dum my relations: 'ELMI , 'ELM2' c. Contextual Rule ... Corporation Kawasaki-city,213 JAPAN and Yasutomo FUKUMOCHI Softwear development devision NSIS Corporation Kawasaki-city,213 JAPAN ABSTRACT This paper describes some operational aspects of a ... syntactic/semantic computation for language processing in analysis and synthesis. It also explains the gap in semantics and logical meaning, and gives a clear computaional image of what we call conceptual...

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 01:20

... by A. We say a factor “fires” when all its neighboring variables are 4 Variables for link labels can be integrated in a straightfor- ward manner, if desired. true and it evaluates to a non-negative ... For adjectives, the ex- ample shown in Table 1 and Figure 1 is a typical sce- nario, where an accusative adjective was tagged as nominative, and was then misanalyzed by the parser as modifying a ... L 3,6 , CASE 3,acc and CASE 6,acc are bolded, indicating that w 3 and w 6 are linked and both have the accusative case. The ternary factor CASE-LINK, that connects to these three variable, therefore...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... Argument Mapping Model An innovation in our approach is to use a separate clas- sifier to predict an argument mapping feature. An ar- gument mapping is a mapping from the syntactic argu- ments of a verbal ... motivates our discussion of future research for computational se- mantics with CCG (Section 12). 2 Combinatory Categorial Grammar Combinatory Categorial Grammar (Steedman, 2000) is a grammatical ... verbal cat- egory. (27) Argument Data. The word, POS, and CCG category, and treepath of the headwords of each of the verbal arguments (i.e., PARG depen- dents), each encoded as a separate binary...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 01:20

... 25- 30. Paola Merlo, Suzanne Stevenson, Vivian Tsang, and Gianluca Allaria. 2002. A multilingual paradigm for automatic verb classification. In ACL-2002, pages 207–214, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Joakim ... domain adaption for parsing that has been draw some in- terests in recent years. Typical domain adaptation tasks often assume annotated data in new domain absent or insufficient and a large scale ... essentially different from that. As Chinese is basically a character-based written language. Character plays an important role in many means, most characters can be formed as single-character words,...

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