3 selection criteria for a comprehensive treatment plan
Functions And Selection Criteria For A Llama Population In The Bolivian Andes
... Oli, Kathrin, Sandra, Sâsa, Klaus and Käthe, Fränze and Dennis, Martina and Jörg, Michl and Hanna, Marco, Hannah, Sara, Frank and Heide, Sonja and Luis, Alessandro, Sarah, Vivian, Ariel and Isabel ... Table 4: Average herd size of llamas in Ayopaya region, Bolivia .32 Table 5: Selection data for breeding male llamas in Ayopaya 34 Table 6: Selection data for female llamas in Ayopaya ... traditional llama husbandry and breeding management activities in the Ayopaya region, Bolivia Traditional selection traits for male and female llamas are documented and assessed by a ranking and...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 3 ppt
... reactions (Slater 1984) As a final example, enhanced oxidative damage at high metal concentrations occurs due to hydroxyl radical formation In such a case, more metal ion is available to catalyze the ... may be determined by DNA modifications accrued during an individual’s life DNA can be damaged by contaminants or their metabolites that are free radicals or can facilitate free radical2 generation ... that consume oxyradicals or oxyradical-generating chemicals Antioxidants include catecholamines, glutathione, uric acid, and VitaminsA, C, and E Enzymes include superoxide dismutase, catalase,...
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UNIT 1. ONLINE COMMUNITIES: A NEW OPPORTUNITY LESSON 3. KEY FACTORS FOR A SUCCESSFUL ONLINE COMMUNITYNOTE pptx
... social, cultural, environmental, organizational and technical factors • The social and cultural factors that mostly influence a community are: Identity, Membership, Language, Attention, Power and ... important aspects and should be part of your considerations Technical factors When planning and designing for an online community for policy makers in national ministries of health, which factors ... laws They have their “ways of doing things” that may vary among the members These organizational and environmental factors can influence the behaviour and outcome of the community So paying attention...
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gpn selection criteria for external auditors feb2008
... fully adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, as well as make various CGIAR-specific disclosures in its annual financial ... firm–nature of professional quality assurance and other interactions to ensure that international auditing standards are maintained as they are evolving (including impacts of the U.S Sarbanes-Oxley ... outreach offices maintain their own separate accounting system and original documents, where a financial statement for this location is consolidated with that prepared at Headquarters to produce a...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 1 pptx
... understanding by presenting sound information, organizing it around explanations (paradigms) emerging at each level, and then integrating information and paradigms into a consonant whole This goal ... holism, and macroexplanation In the modified Janus context, they are equally appropriate vantages of explanation and inquiry applicable to the different “faces” of any holon It is inconceivable that ... of a consistent association was probably made in what many would describe as a holistic study Some macroexplanation may have been applied based on paradigms from the next highest level Macroexplanation...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 2 pptx
... soma and how it manages to survive For example, a wildlife manager concerned with a specific game bird species might take an autecological vantage to managing that particular species Another example ... in adults in that particular part of the estuary particular habitat can sustain As an example, phosphorus might limit the standing crop of a nuisance blue-green algal species in a freshwater lake ... well-established autecological approach and, in this case, produced a reasonable conclusion They also adopted, with minimal adaptation, a technological paradigm from mammaliam toxicology—the LC50/LD50 Staying...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 4 pdf
... emerge can be illustrated using oxidative damage of cellular DNA (see Beckman and Ames (1997) for a recent review) The cell has a finite capacity to resist oxidative damage and accrues DNA damage above ... Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment 44 capacity for oxidative phosphorylation (La Via and Hill 1971) Pyknosis, the condensation of the nuclear material into a dark staining mass, is also characteristic ... contaminated areas than those from reference sites Shugart (1988) used an alkaline unwinding assay to get a relative measure of DNA strand breakage in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and fathead...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 5 docx
... Oligocheates have metanephridia that excrete ammonia or urea Crustaceans excrete primarily ammonia via antennal glands and insects have Malpighian tubules that excrete uric acid Both crustaceans and insects ... cerebellum (Acquaah-Mensah et al 2001) Acrylamide, a chemical contaminant that has been found in some foods, can cause axon damage, producing loss of coordination (ataxia) and skeletal muscle weakness ... sodium and chloride ion transport across amphibian skin (Cassano et al 2000, 2003) 5.3 ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH GAS EXCHANGE Respiratory organs have intimate contact and exchange with the external...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 7 ppt
... (Gibaldi 1991) For example, metals such as lead can be excreted via the mammalian liver by an active transport mechanism (Rozman and Klaassen 1996) Abou-Donia et al (2002) also make the generalization ... can also be moved across cell membranes via OATs Toxicants present as organic anions are subject to renal elimination via this mechanism, but kidney damage can occur if a toxicant was accumulated ... removal of the organic chemical or its metabolites can occur via a variety of other mechanisms, for example, organic anion removal via OATs Inorganic toxicants can also undergo changes after...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 8 potx
... formulations: rate-constant-based, clearance-volumebased, and fugacity-based formulations All are equivalent in their basic forms, but each formulation has its own advantages and disadvantages (Newman and ... SUMMARY In this chapter, the basic quantitative approaches applied to bioaccumulation were described as well as the basic approaches to estimating bioavailability Rate constant-, clearance-, and ... Mackay and his colleagues seems an appropriate way to illustrate the value and universal applicability of fugacity-based contaminant modeling Fugacity-based models have been so influential that...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 9 docx
... method can provide an estimate for such data sets with no partial kills Parametric and nonparametric methods exist for analyzing data from concentration-lethal response tests Many can also be applied ... to Bi) (Fraústo da Silva and Williams 1991, Jones and Vaughn 1978) Hard metals are not as polarizable as soft metals Other metals are intermediate to the soft and hard metals Acid–base refers ... bioassays, the least and most resistant individuals in a group show much greater variability in response than individuals near the median A good deal of accuracy may therefore be gained by measuring...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 10 pdf
... SUMMARY OF FOUNDATION CONCEPTS AND PARADIGMS • Most studies of sublethal effects apply experimental designs appropriate for ANOVA or ANCOVA and not take full advantage of available ecological ... the same variance for all treatments The least powerful tests assume the least, for example, the Wilcoxon rank sum test with a Bonferroni adjustment of Type I error rates Quantal data Transform? ... the data set Several alternatives are available if the assumption of monotonic trends is inappropriate According to the EPA flow chart, Dunnett’s test can be used if all treatments have equal numbers...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 11 docx
... biological ligand model, Hard Soft Acid Base (HSAB) theory, and quantitative ion character–activity relationships for metals The bioaccumulation and bioavailability themes continued into Chapter ... provided a quantitative treatment of related issues Rate constant-, clearance-, and fugacity-based formulations of bioaccumulation models were presented after general discussion of issues such as reaction ... rudimentary conceptual and experimental designs that not take full advantage of available ecological models, there is a clear movement away from this condition Sublethal effect metrics are currently...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 12 pot
... components in adjacent, clean habitats Such keystone habitats are crucial for maintaining the population in adjacent areas and some species are particularly sensitive to keystone habitat loss (O’Connor ... in a metal-contaminated lake (McFarlane and Frazin 1978) Theoretical models for disease in populations (Moolgavkar 1986) and population impact of toxicants (Callow and Sibly 1990, Holloway et al ... Hughes, J.S., and Lewis, M .A (eds.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, pp 136–158 Grant, B.S and Clarke, C .A. , An examination of intrraseasonal variation in the...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 13 pptx
... Rectal cancer in men Ovarian cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer Mouth cancer Prostate cancer Bladder cancer Colorectal cancer Colon cancer Breast cancer Fatal breast cancer © 2008 by Taylor & Francis ... hazard of a reference group or type is used as a baseline hazard and the hazard of another group is scaled (made proportional) to that baseline hazard For example, the hazard of contracting a ... individual dead or alive) can be used for analyzing epidemiological data associated with contamination It is one of the most common approaches for analyzing epidemiological data of human disease (SAS...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 14 pot
... introduced into a new habitat or a Daphnia magna population maintained in a laboratory culture with frequent media replacement However, most habitats have a finite capacity to sustain the population This ... of a metapopulation by affecting the rate at which vacant habitat is refilled from adjacent areas Box 14.2 Computer Projections of Metapopulation Risk in a Contaminated Habitat Spromberg et al ... sustainability • Temporal dynamics of populations can take several forms including monotonic increase to carrying capacity, damped oscillations to carrying capacity, stable oscillations about carrying...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 15 pot
... natality data (Table 15.2) to that already analyzed for mortality (Table 15.1) Again, data are pooled here into weekly age classes The Euler–Lotka equation (Equation 15.7) was used to estimate ... S and Akçakaya, H.R., Modeling Fluctuations in Age-structured Populations RAMAS/age User Manual Applied Biomathematics, Setauket, 1990 Forbes, V.E and Calow, P., Contaminant effects on population ... programs and explanations for doing many of these calculations 15.2.3 THE LEFKOVITCH STAGE-STRUCTURED MATRIX APPROACH Demographic analysis of populations can, as described above, take the form...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 17 potx
... MUTATION RATES AND ACCUMULATION The natural rate at which mutations appear varies among genes and species Rates for bacteriophage, bacteria, and vertebrate species range from × 10−10 to × 10−4 mutations ... page 310 — #6 Population Genetics: Damage and Stochastic Dynamics of the Germ Line 311 exposed to radioactive contaminants (Lamb et al 1991) and DNA strand breakage for mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) ... 4320 Dose of x-rays (Roentgens, log scale) FIGURE 17.5 Genotoxic action of caffeine and x-ray irradiation on bacterial mutation rate Bacteria maintained in a chemostat displayed an abrupt shift...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 18 pptx
... the advantage of a particular genotype Preadaptation to a toxicant can result in elevated tolerance in a population if adaptation took place in the past for a related toxicant, e.g., a plant ... panel), which allows them to move from one adaptive peak through an adaptive valley to another peak (Phase I) Then, selection within demes maintains each at an adaptive peak (middle panel, Phase ... trait variation, trait-related fitness differences, and trait heritability exist, then the trait frequency will vary in a predictable manner among age/stage classes and generations of a population...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 19 potx
... habitats can contain a number of individuals only if a source habitat is nearby and individuals move among habitats Keystone habitats and corridors for migration among segments of the population ... in enhanced tolerance requires genetic variation in the tolerance trait and populations lacking adequate variability are at higher risk of extinction than those with adequate variability Viability ... potential propagule rain and rescue effects The metapopulation context also provides explanation for toxicant effects to individuals outside of the contaminated area 19.2.4 THE DEMOGRAPHIC APPROACH...
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