3  regulation of bone remodeling by leptin

... adult-onset osteosclerosis with increased bone mass due to augmented OB activity a central regulator of postnatal bone mass 11 Dlx5 delayed ossification of the roof of the skull and abnormal osteogenesis ... condensations of future membranous bones of E13.5 embryos After E15.5, Osx is strongly expressed in cells that are associated with all bone trabeculae and bone collar formation Weak expression of Osx ... the activation of Wnt signaling by binding to LRP5/6 It has been shown that the bone formation and bone mass of heterozygous Dkk1 mutant mice increase with an increased number of osteoblasts...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... Osteoclast-independent bone resorption by fibroblast-like cells Arthritis Res Ther 2003, 5:R163-R173 Walker DG: Bone resorption restored in osteopetrotic mice by transplants of normal bone marrow and ... Osteoclastic bone resorption by a polarized vacuolar proton pump Science (NY) 1989, 245:855-857 Salo J, Lehenkari P, Mulari M, Metsikko K, Vaananen HK: Removal of osteoclast bone resorption products by ... Nesbitt SA, Horton MA: Trafficking of matrix collagens through bone- resorbing osteoclasts Science (NY) 1997, 276:266-269 Eilon G, Mundy GR: Direct resorption of bone by human breast cancer cells in...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:21

... the regulation of apoptosis [21,22] Thus, the possibility that the antiviral effect of spermine is mediated by induction of apoptosis was analyzed For this purpose, the effect of spermine (50 ... localization of the two isoforms differs, with ArgI located in the cytoplasm and ArgII in the mitochondria [16] Whereas ArgI is well characterized as an essential enzyme of the urea cycle, the function of ... line following inducible expression of the constitutively active form of IRF-3, IRF-3 5D [14] Up-regulation of ArgII gene expression was observed after treatment of the tetracycline inducible cell...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 21:20

... 90 Curriculum Vitae x LIST OF TABLES Table Changes in apoptotic genes as a result of loss of CHD8 72 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Schematic of functional domains of serum response factor (SRF) ... antiapoptotic genes, thereby regulating smooth muscle cell survival B Paul Herring, Ph.D., chair viii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables xi List of Figures xii List of Abbreviations ... Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype during Vascular Remodeling 28 D Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes’ Roles in Development and Differentiation 31 i Introduction to Types of Chromatin Remodeling...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2014, 11:38

... understanding of the characteristics of IBD, the exact causes of the disease remain elusive There are several multiple causes of IBD which are known to contribute towards the pathogenesis of the disease ... cause of the disease, the pathogenesis of IBD is still unclear The recent understanding of the disease speculates that IBD is a result of the shift in intestinal microbial content, breakdown of ... pathogenesis of IBD involves a complex interplay of these three factors, and it is most likely that the occurrence of one would trigger the others An illustrated summary of the pathogenesis of IBD...

Ngày tải lên: 01/10/2015, 17:28

... Arosio P (1988) Mechanism of ferritin iron uptake: activity of the H-chain and deletion mapping of the ferro-oxidase site A study of iron uptake and ferro-oxidase activity of human liver, recombinant ... that treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with the NO+ donor, SNP, causes the degradation of IRP2 associated with an increase of ferritin synthesis [20,37] Here, we examined the kinetics of ferritin synthesis ... RNA-binding activity of IRP1 remained largely unaffected (Fig 1B) Surprisingly, the rapid induction of ferritin synthesis by SNP in RAW 264.7 cells occurred much earlier than any decrease of IRP activities...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 12:20

... on loans on the basis of market capital supply – demand and the creditability of borrowers” Page of 20 International Finance Regulation of Interest Rate by the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) This ... Liberalization of interest rate From the year Page 18 of 20 International Finance Regulation of Interest Rate by the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) 1994, Credit limit mechanism was deleted, replacing by other ... Loc MBA Intake 13 CFVG, Hanoi, June 2006 Page of 20 International Finance Regulation of Interest Rate by the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) THE ROLES OF INTEREST RATE Interest Rate is a key economic...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 01:20

... Down-regulation of telomerase activity by induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells has been reported [24,25] To understand the role of each telomerase subunit in enzyme activity, we used downregulation of ... activity, we used downregulation of telomerase by inducing differentiation of HL-60 cells, and up-regulation of telomerase by stimulating proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) ... addition of 100 lL of tetramethylbenzidine substrate solution to each well Ten later, the reactions were stopped by the addition of 100 lL M HCl to each well Colorimetric signals were determined by...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 23:20

... has been determined by taking advantage of assembly-deficient mutants (66,67) Insight into the organization of assembled dynamin multimers has been gained by computer docking of domain crystal ... sequestered in the lumen of Vid vesicles [44] Addition of 2% Triton X-100 to permeabilize the Vid vesicle membrane resulted in digestion of FBPase by proteinase K Thus, a portion of FBPase is sequestered ... indicative of an impaired production of the Vid vesicles At present, the mechanism by which UBC1 is involved in the biogenesis of Vid vesicles has not been elucidated Moreover, the formation of multi-ubiquitin...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 02:21

... [57,58], Ga ⁄ tubulin Agonist GPCR Gαβγ α Gα Activation of GTPase of tubulin by Gα, and inhibition of MT assembly Gβγ Loss of GTP cap on MT end by Gα promotes catastrophy in di and increase i MT dynamics ... Effect GDPTubulin Effectors Promotion of MT assembly by Gβγ GTP-Tubulin γ-Tub Fig Model for the regulation of microtubule (MT) assembly by a and bc subunits of G proteins Based on in vitro results ... new understanding of the mechanism of action of the anti-mitotic ⁄ anti-cancer drugs and allow for the development of new drugs that might be more effective in the treatment of cancer c-Tubulin–Gbc...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 10:20

... the condition of high PtdCho turnover, the addition of inositol can consume part of the PA pool, permitting that partial repression of INO1 transcription Alternatively, the addition of inositol ... (kindly provided by V Bankaitis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA) into YCplac22, by using EcoRI and HindIII restriction enzymess [23] Gene disruption Disruption of the Pld1p gene ... suspended in 100 lL of 1% (v/v) Triton-X100, frozen at )70 °C and incubated in the presence of 10% (w/v) deoxycholate, overnight at 37 °C Radioactivity of all fractions was determined by liquid scintillation...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 15:20

... Upon activation of naı¨ ve T cells by mitogenic stimulation, the expression of truncated Stat5a and Stat5b proteins disappears and is replaced by the expression and activation of the full-length ... of the exact cleavage site on Stat5 will be important in enhancing our understanding of the regulation of Stat5 function by proteolytic cleavage in peripheral T cells Proteolytic regulation of ... identification by future molecular cloning studies Regulation of Stat6 activity by proteolytic cleavage in mast cells Unlike Stat3 and Stat5, which are activated by a wide variety of cytokines...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 15:20

... representation of the structures of the As-rel genome and mRNAs of As-rel1 and As-rel2 (B) Genome sequence of splicing sites Note that As-rel1 mRNA is generated by splicing at the sites shown by open ... amounts of transfected DNA were kept constant (1.5 lg) by adding an empty vector (pBIND or pCI-neo-Flag vector) The level of activity was normalized on the basis of the level of activity of control ... overexpression of As-rel1 can be explained by its Ó FEBS 2003 Regulation of Rel by alternative splice variant (Eur J Biochem 270) 4467 the presence of the IjB protein, will modulate the function of As-rel1...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 20:20

... expression of the firefly luciferase gene was driven by the U3 region of an FeLV LTR containing one, two or three copies of the 21-bp element Reporter gene constructs were introduced by lipid-mediated ... supershift of the specific complex (lane 5) which was not observed in the presence of 200-fold molar excess of specific competitor (lane 6) (B) Lanes 1, and represent repetitions of lanes 1, and of (A) ... terminal repeat (LTR) comprised of a single copy of transcriptional enhancer followed 25-bp downstream by a 21-bp sequence triplicated in tandem The sequence and position of the 21-bp triplication...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... expression of the firefly luciferase gene was driven by the U3 region of an FeLV LTR containing one, two or three copies of the 21-bp element Reporter gene constructs were introduced by lipid-mediated ... supershift of the specific complex (lane 5) which was not observed in the presence of 200-fold molar excess of specific competitor (lane 6) (B) Lanes 1, and represent repetitions of lanes 1, and of (A) ... terminal repeat (LTR) comprised of a single copy of transcriptional enhancer followed 25-bp downstream by a 21-bp sequence triplicated in tandem The sequence and position of the 21-bp triplication...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... were analyzed by densitometry using Kodak Digital Science software (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA) Data were analyzed by paired t-tests, or by analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple ... the ratio of the band intensity of NF-κB p65 or RARα to that of β-catenin that served as a loading control Suspended chondrocytes were transfected with equal amounts of DNA (0.052 μg of each vector ... directly regulated by binding of membrane-permeable agonists An example of such an agonist is all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a metabolite of vitamin A, that is bound preferentially by the α, β and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:22

... Journal of Biomedical Science 2011, 18:15 http://www.jbiomedsci.com/content/18/1/15 Page of 13 Figure Two models of transgenic mice 1A and 1B: Scheme of DNA constructs for the generation of two ... that mild-overexpression of SRF resulted in the onset of cardiac hypertrophy at months of age [12] To define whether altered expression of microRNA might be the result of SRF overexpression, or ... Journal of Biomedical Science 2011, 18:15 http://www.jbiomedsci.com/content/18/1/15 Page of 13 Figure The impact of SRF overexpression on the expression of cardiac miRNAs 3A Comparison of the...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... time Figure Dynamic simulation of regulation of duplucate genes by microRNA Dynamic simulation of regulation of duplucate genes by microRNA (a) A schematic diagram of a hypothetical microRNA-mediated ... pressure, we normalized rates of substitution for the 3'UTR of each gene by the corresponding rate of substitution of the coding region in the same gene Since the number of synonymous substitutions ... the number of singleton and duplicate genes among the microRNA targets predicted (a) by PicTar, (b) by TargetScanS, (c) by both programs (intersections), and (d) by PITA Enrichment of duplicate...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:22

... Wittinghofer, 2001] The hydrolysis to bring about inactivation of RhoGTPases is mediated by the intrinsic, albeit slow, GTPase activity of the G-domain The exchange of the GDP for GTP starts off ... RhoGAP, one of the p190RhoGAP isoforms affects cell growth and differentiation, an effect seen by the reduction in size of mice thymus in the absence of p190B MgcRacGAP mediated downregulation of Cdc42 ... LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Primer sequences used for cloning of DLC1 and PP2AC mutants 55 Table 3.1: Identification of potential phosphorylation sites on DLC1 by phosphoproteomics 78 LIST OF FIGURES...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 09:29

... neuromodulator of the N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptors The aim of this thesis is to examine the modulation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors by the tPA/plasminogen system Through the analysis of tPA-treated ... mechanisms engaged by tPA in the modulation of NMDA receptors would enable us to have a better understanding of the multi-faceted roles of tPA in the brain (500 words) ix List of tables Table 1.1 ... List of figures Figure 1.1 Classification of glutamate receptors Figure 1.2 The different isoforms of the NR1 subunit Figure 1.3 The tetrameric NMDA receptor structure and the topology of a single...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 10:18