part iv microbial genetics
Tài liệu Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 3): Distribution in the Body docx
... pronounced endo- and transcytotic activity, as evidenced by numerous invaginations and vesicles (arrows in the EM micrograph, top right) Transcytotic activity entails transport of fluid or macromolecules ... elevate the free (effective) concentration of the displaced drug (a form of drug interaction) Elevation of the free concentration of the displaced drug means increased effectiveness and accelerated ... in the capillary bed, where both surface area and time available for exchange are maximal (extensive vascular branching, low velocity of flow) The capillary wall forms the blood-tissue barrier...
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Organic Chemicals in the Environment pdf
... membrane and 20% in the outer membrane PS is negatively charged and PE is moderately negative in charge The inner membrane is thus largely negative The outer membrane consists of PC, sphingomyelin, ... constant (solubility constant) The curly brackets indicate activity Activity is related to concentration by {A} = ζ[A] where ζ is called the activity coefficient For an ideal solution ζ = Saturation ... of 18:1(n-9) and 18:1(n-7) alcohols Carnivorous zooplankton species are characterized by the presence of shorter-chain alcohols (14:0, 16:0) while herbivorous species, as the calanoid copepods,...
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Novel Materials in the Environment: The case of nanotechnology ppt
... designed as biosensors.21 However, their widest use has been as drug delivery systems.22 To provide effective drug delivery, passive targeting with particular types of nanoparticle exploits vascular ... composites; nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics 2nd Active nanostructures a Bio-active, health effects b Physio-chemical active adaptive structures ~ 2005 Ex: targeted drugs, biodevices Ex: ... technology, require an adaptive governance regime capable of monitoring technologies and materials as they are developed and incorporated into processes and products An effective, adaptive governance regime...
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Acid in the environment lessons learned and future prospects ertu
... resource use To this end, the Center has offered five conferences at which academicians, representatives of federal and state government, and individuals from non-government environmental organizations ... of previous years Title IV, which has been called the "grant policy experiment,"^ instituted a cap-and-trade program to regulate SO2 emissions From this perspective Title IV combines the benefit ... regulatory effectiveness." Part I Ecological Impacts of Acid Deposition Acid deposition delivers acidifying compounds to the surface of the Earth which, in turn, can produce a cascade of negative ecological...
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Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Current and Future Perspectives pot
... 2004 2006 2008 Cumulative Frequency of Citations Relative Cumulative Frequency of Citations Perspectives on Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 2010 Year Fig Representative increase in peer-reviewed ... sensitive group and the most sensitive species in the first Tier A test, NOEC, AF = 10 – Earthworm test (neither test guideline nor endpoint, respectively, AF given, hence seek guidance) – Microbial ... in the receiving compartments PNECs are mostly derived from either acute or chronic ecotoxicity tests, normally with standard organism groups representative for the compartment, by dividing by...
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOILS IN THE ENVIRONMENT ppt
... first human was Adam, derived from ‘adama,’ meaning soil The name given to that first earthling’s mate was Hava (Eve, in transliteration), meaning ‘living’ or ‘life-giving.’ Together, therefore, ... Characterization of Soil Macrofauna .539 Saprovores and Microbivores 539 Herbivores and Granivores 541 Predators and Omnivores 541 The Role of Soil Macrofauna in Ecosystem ... and privilege for me to introduce this path-breaking endeavor Jeffrey D Sachs Director The Earth Institute at Columbia University Quetelet Professor of Sustainable Development Columbia University,...
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Artificial Light in the Environment ppt
... pigments have different sensitivities to ours, as shown in the figure below D elpenor is highly sensitive to ultraviolet light and insensitive to red light Typical sensitivities of human cones are ... wavelength Human pigment sensitivities indicate the wavelength of peak sensitivity in each case D elpenor can apparently perceive colour when illumination is very low (equivalent to starlight) In contrast, ... have a negative impact on the visual amenity of the night sky and have unproven benefits, possibly even negative impacts, on road safety and personal security They may also have negative impacts...
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Odor Pollution in the Environment and the Detection Instrumentation potx
... sensitive, scarcely selective, chemoresistive sensors characterized by different sensitivity spectra (Stussi, 1997) The working principle of the sensor is based on the change of the conductivity ... odor issue to recognize When odorants are emitted into the air, individuals may or may not perceive an odor When people perceive what they regard as unacceptable amounts or types of odor, odorous ... device that responds to a particular analyte in a selective way through a chemical reaction, and which can be used for the qualitative or quantitative determination of the analyte It can be seen that...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 1 pot
... Agronomy Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Willie F Harper, Jr Department of Civil Engineering Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Joel R Coats Department of Entomology Iowa State University Ames, ... Scott Weber Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo, New York Taewoo Yi Department of Civil Engineering Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Howard ... Columbia University New York Christine Klein Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo Buffalo, New York K.F Knowlton Department of Dairy Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 2 docx
... SPE and LCESI-MS/MS in both negative and positive mode LC-(+)ESI-MS/MS with methylammonium acetate as an additive in the mobile was more sensitive than negative mode for all compounds Protonated ... in Water Treatment Systems TABLE 2.1 (Continued) WW 18 antimicrobials GW, SW 13 antimicrobials GW SW, WW 13 antimicrobials SW 13 antimicrobials and human metabolite WW neutral drugs SPE: (1) Oasis ... negative mode was developed.39 Absolute and relative recoveries (relative to the recovery of the surrogate standard) were reported for groundwater, surface water, and wastewater The relative recoveries...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 3 pdf
... fractionation before derivatization are also used.7,63 While GC/MS analysis with derivatization can be tedious, it can offer additional selectivity and improve detection limits relative to LC/MS analysis ... a derivatization step to convert the analyte to a fluorescent conjugate and improve selectivity However, an 8-hour reaction time was needed for maximum intensity and stability of the derivatized ... the selective removal of tetracyclines from pig kidney tissue that was selective for several tetracycline analogues.45 Suedee and colleagues synthesized an MIP that was class selective for tetracyclines,...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 4 potx
... acetyl derivatives with –COCH3 groups) as N,N’-diacetylethylenediamine (DAED) and N,N,N’,N’-tetracetylethylenediamine (TAED).33 Because all tested compounds contain Gd–DTPA or derivatives thereof, ... Water solubility: 1081 ± g/L Compound: Primovist® Active agent: Gadoxetic acid disodium OH N O Water solubility: 469 g/L Compound: Gadovist Active agent: Gadobutrol NH2 O– O Molecular weight: 938 ... 48, 72, and 96 hours Samples for the concentration analysis by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) (inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry [ICP/AES] in the case...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 5 pot
... compounds in soil, with half-lives of 300 and 427 days, respectively, while tylosin and dichlorvos were the least persistent with half-lives of to and
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 6 pptx
... substantially lower than those in livestock and poultry manures (less than μg/kg vs mg/kg levels).6,7 Concern over potential negative impacts of biologically active pharmaceuticals on nontarget ... on veterinary antibiotics in response to concerns that their extensive use in livestock production is contributing to bioactive residues in the environment Although their physicochemical properties ... al.40 that measured low sorption by soil of decarboxylated enrofloxacin relative to enrofloxacin and other quinolone derivatives also provides support for a cation-bridging sorption mechanism Cation...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 7 pot
... antibiotic with activity against gram-positive and certain gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus, Listeria, Legionella, and Enterococcus It has little activity against gram-negative enteric ... gram-negative, rod-shaped members of -Proteobacteria Enterococcus sp are gram-positive cocci Both E coli and enterococcus inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of many mammals, including livestock, ... to understand the survival and mobility of these microorganisms in the environment Several researchers have reported E coli surviving up to weeks, and enterococcus survival ranging from 35 to...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 8 potx
... dissolved compounds from soil water to live and grow Many plants live in symbiosis with soil fungi (mycorrhiza), which themselves are able to uptake and deliver specific solutes to their host Unfortunately, ... agricultural soils since they have been developed to remain active in the body for some time without deactivation or degradation.1 Many antimicrobial substances are excreted unchanged, with a share ... beforehand at the University of Bonn Table 8.2 summarizes the performance data of the ELISAs Selectivity in the context of the model experiments performed means that the cross-reactivity of the antibodies...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 9 docx
... and serve a variety of functions GSTs are encoded by a large and diverse gene family In plants, this family is divided into five classes based on sequence identity These classes include: phi, ... Indeed, GST activity in the CTC-treated maize samples was significantly higher relative to the control (untreated plants) on the first and third days of exposure (Figure 9.3A) The GST activities in ... described in the previous section GST activity assays of the crude extracts from these treated plants showed a significant increase in activity relative to the control on the third day posttreatment...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 10 docx
... relies on the formation of strongly oxidative hydroxy radicals that inactivate microorganisms and degrade resilient organic micropollutants relatively nonselectively and may be carried out in the presence ... alternative to chlorine for disinfection, and it is a highly selective oxidant for specific functional groups of organic compounds.29 For example, sulfamethoxazole and roxithromycin were reactive ... can also undergo degradation by receiving energy from other excited species (sensitized photolysis) or by chemical reactions involving very reactive and short-lived species such as hydroxyl-radicals,...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 11 docx
... Analgesic Hormone Herbicide Psychoactive Psychoactive Insect repellant Psychoactive Analgesic Psychoactive Antimicrobial Hormone Hormone Hormone Hormone Psychoactive Fragrance Antilipidemic Analgesic ... Analgesic x-ray contrast agent Psychoactive Pesticide Fragrance Analgesic Vasodilator Hormone Antimicrobial Flame retardant Hormone Antimicrobial Antimicrobial 103-90-2 63-05-8 1912-24-9 58-08-2 ... to reproductive impacts in fish living downstream of outfalls.6–8 Since the initial link between trace contaminants (sub-µg/L) in wastewater effluents and ecological impacts in receiving waters,...
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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 12 pot
... in reactivity of various functional groups toward free chlorine To verify reactive functional groups, examination of model compounds that resemble the hypothesized reactive and nonreactive moieties ... the reactive site and the quinoxaline N,N´-dioxide and quinoxaline moieties are relatively inert to chlorine The results that both CIP and ENR are reactive to chlorine; that the reactivity of ... TMP structure’s reactivity—are reactive to chlorine, but exhibit significantly different pH-dependency in their reactivities toward free chlorine Like TMP, DAMP is most reactive toward chlorine...
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