7. A History of Modern Psychology-Wadsworth Publishing Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz (2011)

This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank A History of Modern Psychology TENTH EDITION DUANE P SCHULTZ University of South Florida SYDNEY ELLEN SCHULTZ Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest A History of Modern Psychology, Tenth Edition Duane P Schultz and Sydney Ellen Schultz Senior Publisher: Linda Schreiber-Ganster Executive Editor: Jon-David Hague Editorial Assistant: Sheli DeNola Senior Marketing Manager: Elizabeth Rhoden Marketing Communications Manager: Laura Localio Marketing Coordinator: Janay Pryor Media Editor: Lauren Keyes © 2011 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Senior Art Director: Pamela Galbreath Print Buyer: Karen Hunt Library of Congress Control Number: 2011921415 Rights Acquisition Specialist, Text/Image: Dean Dauphinais ISBN-13: 978-1-111-34497-9 Photo Researcher: PreMediaGlobal Text Researcher: PreMediaGlobal Compositor: PreMediaGlobal Cover Image: Cover Collage: Face: © Michelangelo, Selected Works/Planet Art; Shell: © Natural Patterns/PhotoDisc; clock: iStockphoto.com/Ufuk ZIVANA; column © iStockphoto/Darya Sharymova Cover Designer: William Stanton, Stanton Design ISBN-10: 1-111-34497-3 Wadsworth 20 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region To Russ Nazzaro who asked the department’s newest assistant professor, one day long ago Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd “How would you like to teach the history of psychology?” For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com Printed in the United States of America 15 14 13 12 11 Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Brief Contents Contents iv In Their Own Words Preface xvi xiv CHAPTER The Study of the History of Psychology CHAPTER Philosophical Influences on Psychology 21 CHAPTER Physiological Influences on Psychology 47 CHAPTER The New Psychology CHAPTER Structuralism CHAPTER Functionalism: Antecedent Influences CHAPTER Functionalism: Development and Founding 127 CHAPTER Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism CHAPTER Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences CHAPTER 10 Behaviorism: The Beginnings CHAPTER 11 Behaviorism: After the Founding CHAPTER 12 Gestalt Psychology CHAPTER 13 Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings CHAPTER 14 Psychoanalysis: After the Founding CHAPTER 15 Contemporary Developments in Psychology 65 87 102 159 190 211 234 261 286 320 351 Glossary 373 References 378 Name Index 405 Subject Index 411 iii Contents In Their Own Words xiv Preface xvi CHAPTER The Study of the History of Psychology Did You See the Clown? Why Study the History of Psychology? The Development of Modern Psychology The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology’s Past Historiography: How We Study History Lost or Suppressed Data Data Distorted in Translation Self-Serving Data Contextual Forces in Psychology Economic Opportunity The World Wars 10 Prejudice and Discrimination 10 Conceptions of Scientific History The Personalistic Theory 14 The Naturalistic Theory 15 14 Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology Plan of the Book 16 18 Discussion Questions 19 Recommended Resources 19 CHAPTER Philosophical Influences on Psychology 21 The Defecating Duck and the Glory of France The Spirit of Mechanism 21 21 The Clockwork Universe 23 Determinism and Reductionism Automata 24 People as Machines 25 The Calculating Engine 26 The Beginnings of Modern Science René Descartes (1596–1650) 29 23 29 The Contributions of Descartes: Mechanism and the Mind-Body Problem The Nature of the Body 32 The Mind-Body Interaction 33 The Doctrine of Ideas 34 Philosophical Foundations of the New Psychology: Positivism, Materialism, and Empiricism 34 Auguste Comte (1798–1857) 34 iv 31 Contents John Locke (1632–1704) 36 George Berkeley (1685–1753) 39 David Hartley (1705–1757) 41 James Mill (1773–1836) 41 John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) 42 Contributions of Empiricism to Psychology Discussion Questions 44 45 Recommended Resources 45 CHAPTER Physiological Influences on Psychology 47 David K Makes a Mistake: The Importance of the Human Observer 47 Developments in Early Physiology 49 Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Inside 49 Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Outside 50 Research on the Nervous System 52 The Mechanistic Spirit 53 The Beginnings of Experimental Psychology Why Germany? 54 54 Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) 55 Helmholtz’s Life 56 Helmholtz’s Contributions to the New Psychology 57 Ernst Weber (1795–1878) 57 Two-Point Thresholds 58 Just Noticeable Differences 58 Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887) 59 Fechner’s Life 59 Mind and Body: A Quantitative Relationship Methods of Psychophysics 61 The Formal Founding of Psychology Discussion Questions 60 64 64 Recommended Resources 64 CHAPTER The New Psychology 65 No Multitasking Allowed 65 The Founding Father of Modern Psychology 66 Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) 67 Wundt’s Life 67 The Leipzig Years 68 Cultural Psychology 69 The Study of Conscious Experience 71 The Method of Introspection 72 Elements of Conscious Experience 73 Organizing the Elements of Conscious Experience 74 The Fate of Wundt’s Psychology in Germany 75 Criticisms of Wundtian Psychology 76 Wundt’s Legacy 77 v vi Contents Other Developments in German Psychology 77 Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909) 77 Ebbinghaus’s Life 78 Research on Learning 78 Research with Nonsense Syllables 79 Other Contributions to Psychology 80 Franz Brentano (1838–1917) 81 The Study of Mental Acts 81 Carl Stumpf (1848–1936) Phenomenology 82 82 Oswald Külpe (1862–1915) 83 Külpe’s Differences with Wundt 83 Systematic Experimental Introspection 84 Imageless Thought 84 Research Topics of the Würzburg Laboratory Comment 85 85 Discussion Questions 86 Recommended Resources 86 CHAPTER Structuralism 87 Swallow the Rubber Tube—A College Prank? 87 Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927) 88 Titchener’s Life 88 Titchener’s Experimentalists: No Women Allowed! The Content of Conscious Experience 92 Introspection 94 The Elements of Consciousness 96 Criticisms of Structuralism 98 Criticisms of Introspection 98 Additional Criticisms of Titchener’s System Contributions of Structuralism Discussion Questions 90 100 100 101 Recommended Resources 101 CHAPTER Functionalism: Antecedent Influences 102 Scientist Captivated by Childlike Jenny The Functionalist Protest 102 103 The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin (1809–1882) Darwin’s Life 105 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection The Finches’ Beaks: Evolution at Work 110 Darwin’s Influence on Psychology 111 Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822–1911) Galton’s Life 113 Mental Inheritance 115 Statistical Methods 117 Mental Tests 117 The Association of Ideas 119 113 103 108 ... page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank A History of Modern Psychology TENTH EDITION DUANE P SCHULTZ University of South Florida SYDNEY ELLEN SCHULTZ Australia • Brazil... Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region To Russ Nazzaro who asked the department’s newest assistant professor,... We are pleased to acknowledge the assistance of David Baker, director of the Archives of the History of American Psychology at the University of Akron, and his staff, for providing gracious and