A wordlist of the hyam language of nok i

A wordlist of the Hyam language of Nok in Central Nigeria and its affinities [DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT -NOT FOR CITATION WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THE AUTHOR Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans (00-44)-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0) 7847-495590 E-mail rogerblench@yahoo.co.uk http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This printout: December 2, 2014 R.M Blench Hyam Wordlist Circulated for comment TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Location, history and sociolinguistic situation 2.1 Nomenclature 2.2 Location and settlements 2.3 Language status 2.4 Classification of the Hyam language 2.5 Previous literature on the Hyam Morphology 3.1 Nouns 3.2 Pronouns 3.3 Verbs Hyam wordlist References 2 2 2 3 4 29 TABLES Table Hyam nominal pluralisation strategies Table Tone-raising in Hyam plurals Table Consonant mutation in Hyam plurals i Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist Introduction This is an annotated wordlist of the Hyam language, spoken in Nok and nearby villages in Kaduna State, Nigeria The Hausa name of this group of Hyam is ‘Jaban Ketare’ This analysis was prepared by Roger Blench, who added the comparative observations1 This document is being circulated to scholars for comment The materials were collected over the source of three days in Zhek (Kurmin Musa) in January 20012 and are slightly variable in quality as I was partly eliciting new materials and checking the transcription of those already elicited This process was not completed, and so the versions included here are highly variable In addition there are marked variations between speakers in their application of the mò- plural prefix I have tried to elicit morphological plurals as far as possible Tone transcriptions are highly variable; the tone of Hyam is far from being fully understood Location, history and sociolinguistic situation 2.1 Nomenclature Although called ‘Jaba’ in Hausa and the Nok dialect ‘Jaban Ketare’, the correct name of the people is Ham and the language Hyam Jaba refers to a cluster of seven languages, whose exact relationship is unclear 2.2 Location and settlements The main settlements where Hyam of Nok is spoken are; Nok, Zhek (Kurmin Musa), Antong, Nkwok (Kurmin Rami), Harmana (Gidan Mana), Bursang, Ghing (Sabon Sarki), Kwaturu, Gantang, Fit, Njon, Kurmin Mata, Tsakiya, Kuriyos, Unguwar Rana, Lokoja, Zhit, Kurmin Gyada, Kurmin Dangana, Gidan Jibril and Kurmin Zomo 2.3 Language status Hyam in the larger sense is spoken by a sizable community, perhaps as many as 100,000 speakers However, there is a large expatriate Ham community, in major cities such as Kaduna and Jos, whose command of the language is best described as shaky Their knowledge is often passive, in other words they understand Hyam but prefer to respond in Hausa Even in the Ham heartland, Hausa and English are often mixed with Hyam proper 2.4 Classification of the Hyam language The present published classification (Crozier & Blench 1992) lists these groups as follows; Cori Hyam cluster (incl Kwyeny, Yaat, Sait, Dzar, Hyam of Nok) Shamang Zhire The recently recorded Shang language appears to form a cluster with Zhire It now seems likely that the Hyam cluster consists of only the following; Hyam of Nok Sait Dzar Yaat and Ankun are also probably separate languages However, proof of such statements is not available Hyam of Nok is widely understood as a lingua franca in the larger Ham community 2.5 Previous literature on the Hyam The Hyam language and people are often known in earlier literature as ‘Jaba’ but this is an ‘outsiders’ term that has been generally rejected The first reference to the ‘Jaba’ (spelt Java) occurs in Castelnau (1851) while Koelle (1854) has a long wordlist and a description of the ‘Ham’ area Temple (1922: 162-164) contains the first I am grateful to Kay Williamson and Bruce Connell who have assisted me with external parallels and other comments In January 2001, I travelled to Zhek (Kurmin Musa) and attended the meeting of the Hyam Literacy and Translation Project as well as working with Ayuba Makadi, Yohanna Boi and Pastor Nyam all of whom have attended ICAL I would like to thank all those who have participated, either as informants or with suggestions for analyses In addition, I would like to thank MajorGeneral Y.Y Kure (rtd.) of Zhek (Kurmin Musa), both for hospitality and for facilitating work sessions 2 Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist published ethnographic material and further information is given in Gunn (1956) and Leith-Ross (1970) A history of Kwoi was published in xx, and Wordlists of Hyam were first published as long ago as the middle of the nineteenth century (Castelnau 1851; Koelle 1854) but modern linguistic literature is confined to Gerhardt (1988, 1992) and Jockers (1982) Gerhardt (1988) deals with the morphology of Hyam of Kwoi, Gerhardt (1992) with early sources for ‘Jaba’ Jockers (1982) is a morphology of Kwoi based on tape recordings None are very detailed or are based on extensive lexical data As will be seen, Hyam of Nok differs significantly from Kwoi in its morphology Morphology 3.1 Nouns Hyam has a wide range of strategies to make noun plurals The most important are shown in Table 1; Table Hyam nominal pluralisation strategies Strategy Gloss sg pl Tone-raising Tree ki kí Prefix addition Leaf ʤàŋ maʤàŋ Palatalisation Vine rik ryǐk Depalatalisation Seed/grain ʃaŋ sáŋ Labialisation Fear/fright hyoŋ hywoŋ Consonant mutation Path fwor swor In addition, one of the terms for ‘person’ undergoes suppletion in the plural leading to the following type of change in compound plurals Witch na hywes fu hywes Almost all verbs have obligatory plural forms and many undergo the same phonological shifts or mutations as nouns (see §3.3) Table shows a series of examples of ‘simple’ tone change from singular to plural, usually low or mid to high Tone-change can be combined with other phonological shifts Table Tone-raising in Hyam plurals Gloss sg pl Tree ki kí Branch tsìè tsìé Thorn kwým kwm Seed/grain ʃaŋ sáŋ Stone kyàr kyár Star(s) yèt yet Stream dzwɔ̀k dzwɔ́k Valley hwet hwyét The possibilities for consonant mutation in Hyam plurals appear to be nearly infinite and are covered at length in a separate paper (Blench n.d a) Table shows all the alternations so far recorded, with a single example of each Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist Table Consonant mutation in Hyam plurals sg pl Alternation Gloss dzam+ come b/dz bam+ c/ts cám tsàm to make ridges d/gy dàk gyǎk leg dy/gy dyěn gyen+ to remove husks f/s fáá sàà broom + + g/gy gak gyak to dilute gb/gbw gbiN gbwiN to close gb/gby gbaN gbyaN to lock ƒ/y ghaN yaN to check for s.t + hyám to roll h/hy ham hw/hy hwEk hyEk money k/ky kàn kyàn to wind around kh/khy khaa khyaa tail kh/sh khaik shaik to carry khw/hyw khwa hywa to drink kp/kpy kpaN kpyaN peg kpw/kpy kpwek kpyek to be thankful m/n5 mam nnyam to make into balls n/ny nam nyam body Ng/Ngy Ngát Ngya᷅t to be across p/kpy pɔr kpyɔr weeding p/py par pyar to have a good aftertaste s to see r/y ris+ ry/y rya᷆s yás to hide r/yw rus ywus to dry S/s Sak sak to cook + t/ky tam kyâm cheek v/z vin zin to tighten w/wy wam wyam to brush zh/z zhu zu room 3.2 Pronouns 3.3 Verbs Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist Hyam wordlist NO 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Gloss Tree (generic) Leaf Root Corm Branch Log Bark (of tree) Flower Pod Thorn Grass (generic) Vine (generic) Mushroom Water-lily Algae Seed/grain Volunteer seed Seed used to flatten walls Seed/stone/pip Seed reserved for planting Charcoal/soot Hard charcoal Dust Ashes Rubbish-heap Mud 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Singular ki ʤàŋ nyân ɢye᷆n tsìè kus gùgùk fn gbn kɥùm ceb rik kpb Plural kí maʤàŋ nyǎn Commentary tsìé gbn kɥúm ryǐk sáŋ Clay Kaolin/whitewash Dew ʃaŋ kpoon raik ƥyó ƥuƥyó ʃuu kə run (n)twɔŋ ncìr ndwo᷆᷆b bi mperì mɛ̀ŋ Stone Flat rock Sand Smoke Fire Water Rain Torrents of rain Cloud Mist, fog Lightning Rainbow Rainy Season Dry season Harmattan Year Today kyàr saŋ nʤep ʤɔ̀ŋ yaŋ+ tìtaan ŋgot wɔp mèè dzut ʃam kan hɔŋɔ̀t terò dzut mêk re kyár also ‘rope’ cf Ninzo àmé, Ningye mmeŋ, Hasha eme, Rukul mmaŋ, Tarok ìmìmyàŋ, Yaŋkam myaŋ going back to a NigerCongo root #mecf Alumu kpákpá harmattan dust in the sky n5e᷆k cf ‘yesterday’ Rukul irɛ, Ningye ryɛɛŋ, -5- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Gloss Yesterday Tomorrow Morning Evening Dawn Day (24 hrs) Night Moon/month Sun Star(s) Shooting star Wind Whirlwind God Sky World Ground Depression Large River Stream Hole in river Hole where fish congregate Spring of water Channel Pond, lake Forest Mountain Hill Valley Rock-slide Bush Small area of bush Virgin land Small ridge-bed Large ridge-bed Farm I Farming Field, open place Market Meeting place Compound, house Room Wall (of room) 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Thatch roof Channel Shelf Grain-store within a room Floor Granary Well Road Path Singular rɛ̀ŋ rici circì ryètùk ʃáʃàt tuk+ rìtùk fè nóm t ft ʃíʃɛ̀ŋ ʤìp nóm+ fai dwáì ribi+ gn kàb dzwɔ̀k ràŋ xwm cùùr har ran ʃɛ̀k ʤò weʤò hwet hywàrʃywak dwa(yi) kor kpɔn+ mbam hwa kyàŋ ryam+ gààr hwaan yììr har+ ʒû ʤı᷄ı᷄n ʃàŋ xwɛt ram nhịt dèbe gbam gýk kàtè fwor Plural Commentary kwk cf widespread EBC #tuk- forms ɲo᷆m yet Also ‘God’ (60.), ‘daylight’ nyo᷆m Also ‘Sun’ (55.), ‘daylight’ Also ‘bush’ (77.) gyên kyàb dzwɔ́k hywoóm sɛ̀k ʤó weʤó hwyét Also ‘world’ (62.) kyáŋ gyààr yiir hyàr zù dzı᷄ı᷄n also ‘trembling’ hywɛt mo-gbam gyúk mò-kàtè swor -6- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 Gloss Village/settlement River-bank Swamp/wetland Place Person/people Man Woman Child Male child Female child Husband Wife Widow Singular xep mkpịŋ dìdɛ̀k gààr net ʃə̀xàk ʃə̀ʒì wè wèthə̀xàk tìthə̀ʒì xák ʒì ʒír nkùm 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Young person Old man Old woman Father Mother I Mother II Barren woman Ancestors Grandparents dzàm cə̀thəxak cə̀thə̀ʒì ke, kíké ʒə̀ da ʃàkpìr kikera ndwàxàk 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 Grandchild Brother Sister Relationship I Relationship Mother-in-law Mother-in-law II Father-in-law Daughter-in-law Sibling-in-law Friend Guest/stranger King/chief/ruler Woman clan leader Hunter Thief Doctor Witch I Witch II Witchcraft Sorcerer wíwè wera tirda tsâŋ su mèth kukó mat n ʤwɔ̀m ndwàk ʨen kpịp kwãĩ+ ntat tə fyɛ̀p bòk ryàt na hywes gbyò na kyat kpyo 142 Corpse kòm 143 144 Blacksmith Woodworker na naa na hyob kuko 145 146 Leper Slave mgbùŋ gààn Plural hyep Commentary cf Ake kipindye, Jili kúpɔ̀ ,̃ cf Nupe èkpã̀ ‘opposite bank’, gàr mị-nèt ʃə́xák ʃə́ʒí mo-wè wéthə́xák tìthə́ʒí mo-xák mị-ʒì mị-ʒír nkùm dza᷄m cə́thəxak cə́thə̀ʒì mị-ʒə̀ mị-kikera mịndwàxàk mị-wíwè mị-wèra mị-tirda tsǎŋ mị-meth+ mo-kukó mị-mat mo-n mị-ʤwɔ̀m mị-ndwak mị-ʨen kpop mo-kwã̀ ĩ̀ mò-ntat tə mò-fyɛ̀p mò-bok mò-ryàt fu hywes gb fu kyat kpyo kwm fu naa fu hyob kuko mò-mgbùŋ mò-gààn -7- Wife will call the mother with this word also ‘vegetable salad’ () cf Jijili ukɔ, Ake ɔkwɔ)), Eggon okom, Izere kùkɔ́m cf Ningye gan, Bu ɛgərã Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 147 148 Gloss Short person Glutton Singular kuub gwom Plural kyuub mo-gwom 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 Miser Stupid person Crazy person Person with no teeth Masquerade I Masquerade II Masquerade III Masquerade IV Masquerade V Masquerade VI Soul, spirit na ƥsù tàràtoŋ tàmtorí hwà yɛ̀s kù gyɛn mbumbõĩ naŋgbwóʒì kùŋgis ʤàmʃà cù fu ƥyòsù mò-tàràtoŋ 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 Ghost Evil spirit Ritual Prophesy Anger Bravery/courage Childishness Fear/fright Guilt Happiness, joy Happiness Laughter Madness Resemblance Shame Confusion Theft Wisdom I Wisdom II Begging Pleading Craving for meat Fishing Hunting Weeding Weeding a second time Race/running Stammering Wobbling Shaved Recovering Folding Spreading rumours Teaching Power Beauty I Beauty II Deceitfulness kúʃàt nkùùn gbeék kat kpyo nʤaa cin xyǎp hyoŋ tab ɢyɛ^^ŋ dzədzə zaam kpóŋ has xaa gyam syap myɛn tseek thyěn fend tám dzaar yap+ pɔr kòm kpaŋ bevi dɔr kyon kwar fur ̃ zaŋ kyaam dzye syat ʃeer hyen mò hwà yɛ̀s mòkù mò-gyɛn Commentary also the name of a masquerade which eats too much chief of all masquerades tsu᷄᷄ mò-nkùùn kyat kpyo tsin xyâp hywoŋ kyab ɢyyɛ᷆ŋ fukpoŋ hyas nnyɛn syend yáp kpyɔr kyòm dzevi kwyar dzyé seer dzyen -8- also ‘character’ Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 Gloss Sluggishness I Sluggishness II Hot temper Resemblance Temptation Pain Death Name Grave Song Dance Proverb Idiom Story Message Word Lie Speech News Meeting-place Share, portion Inheritance Source I Source II Beginning Old age Birth Hunger Time Horn 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 Hoof Tail Egg Wing (of bird) Beak (of bird) Nest (of bird) Feather Gum/glue Ant-hill Hole in ground Hole in tree Gift Remains of s.t Smell Poison Load Bundle Bundle of grass Firewood Acca chaff Yam-heap Singular dyen rer bes has dzet ỹĩ́ cí xwɔk kùùr góm swat ngan mbírị sààr rk ràn ʤịk sààr yɛɛr dzàp koop som ʃiin tsa᷄s koo màt bɛk gbyàm hwom+ kpes xaà ʧèb xwěp hyweb nyi nteri tsàt xi hyeŋ ywèn hwàki sùni bwɔt nuŋ sap xek gwɔ̀b dzùm kúkó nɢiin ngum cit Plural Commentary yer tsì hywɔk kýùr gm swat ngyan ‘deep language’ sáár tyom ryák ryán mòʤòk sáár dzáp siin hywịm kpyes hyầ ʧéb hywêp = ‘iron’, thus ‘clock’ thus ‘time’ cf Jijili utuma, Pe ucom, Uda n@dòk, Nkim ǹ-tâŋ, PEG *-dɔ́ŋ`, Manenguba *tɔ́ŋ also ‘human instep’ nkyeri tsát ywén mò-hwàki cf Ake riye, dzwɔt nyuŋ gyɔ̀b dzúm ngyum cit -9- cf Ake kudu, Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 Gloss Potash Soup/stew Porridge Gruel Something cooked Grits Leftover food Food for bereavement Vegetable salad Germinated grain Flour Crops Sorghum-beer Palm-wine Drink Kind of drink Honey Peelings Filter Rag Floor-beater Plate Spoon Handle (of tool) Sickle Cutlass Iron Axe Adze Hoe blade Hoe I Hoe (small) Hammer Knife Stick Stirring stick Stick for staking beans Comb Broom Sack Fire stone Fireplace Shoe Cloth Length of cloth Grindstone (top) Grindstone (lower) Mortar (wood) Pestle Stirring-stick Pot (generic) Pot I Singular gbǎŋ ghyeŋ ʃit dyeŋ kiɢí cou ncem hywɛ᷅k gb myet ngwak gyayi kam bam hywa ʃab ntóŋ feen ʃiʃeɲ ʒab ntoor hywôk hywak bwak gya ruʤe ada gywam ʤoo+ hyab kpyee ʒwan ncem hama kǒn kati bap gheb taŋ faa xi fáá mbat cir tse yaŋ ntau kpit ta kwák ntuur ŋgis faar ni᷆k sub Plural gbyǎŋ ghyeŋ Commentary also ‘to lock’ () ncem hywɛ^^k gbyô also kús ? also ‘witchcraft’ () ‘thing to eat’ hywa mo-ntoŋ seen hywók hywák zwak gya < H ada ʤóó hyáb mo-kpyee < H mó-kịn kyaŋ faa xyi sàà tsir tse ŋ ntau kpyit kwyak nkyuur ŋgís n5ỵk súb -16- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 Gloss Pot II Pot III Head-pad Bag Basket (generic) Basket I Winnowing tray Mat (generic) Needle Headboard Peg Sheath Ring Spear Bow Arrow Quiver Sling Gun Chain Rope Stool Wooden door Fence Bridge Ladder Bee-hive Fish-hook Fish-net Fish-hook Fish-trap I Fish-trap II Fish-trap III Snare One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Twenty Twenty-four 627 628 629 630 Forty Sixty Eighty Hundred Singular nʤoom gyoŋ ʤiʤid ʤàr ʃisɛŋ kpukpont kyák bɛt hywǎp byes kpàŋ fat nak kpǎnt tə gi+ fab hywa᷅m bob nyaà rik+ gyəset nden kpam dat kati mbyan xi hɛŋ dzep tsaŋ dzɛp ʃak Plural nʤoom gyoŋ ʤiʤid ʤár ʃiʃɛŋ bɛ́t hywâp kpyàŋ mò-fat nák kpnt kyə gyi᷆ hywa᷆m mo-ná k gyəsét xyi hɛŋ dzɛ᷄p sak kukoor ʒiìnì feri taat naa tuwo twani twafo naaraŋ mbwankop kɔp mbwanʃok ʃok ʃok feri ʃokferi di canaŋ ʃok naŋ ʃok twani ʃok naaraŋ npyin -17- Commentary Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 Gloss Blackness Whiteness Redness Reddish Sweet Bitter Large Small Half Hot Cold Tall Old New Sharp Semi-liquid Wet Dry Wise Happy Quick Wicked, cruel Toothless, seedless Smooth Add to Advise I Advise II Announce Answer (question) Arrange cooking stones Arrange to meet s.o Arrive Ask a question Ask Associate freely Awaken (s.o.) Bare the teeth Bark (dog) Be across Be bent Be deep Be discontented with a small gift Be dry Be fast Be fat Be full Be heavy Be near Be on (s.t.) Be quick Be ripe Be rotten Singular ʃeʃit ʃabur ʃadur coiŋ gwabi noni gwaŋ kus ʃib run cari koo ʃafaa ghi tya ʃum kow mɛn dzə fyem mgbocu feem hwari gbab ʃem cir dõĩ́ ʃim kaŋ gbaŋ wut rith+ ribí was ʃwok vêb haŋ ŋgát deni duŋ ɢyɛt+ kou hwau cûm fat mot+ ʒoŋ fot ʃet fyɛm ko ʃye Plural sesit sadzur sagyur Commentary nyoni kyus sib yun also zeth ? also dwas sasaa ghyi kya sum kyow nthen dzədzə́ syem seem syem tsir gyõĩ́ sim kyaŋ gbyaŋ wyut yith+ yibí wyas ʃok zêb ŋgya᷅t gyeni yuŋ ɢyyɛt+ kyou hywau tsùm syat ntǒt zoŋ sot ʃet syɛm kyo sye -18- also ‘warn’ Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 Gloss Be short Be sluggish Be thankful Be tired Be uncertain Be wise Beat (drum) Beat (s.o.) Become mature Beg for something Begin Bend Bend down Bite Blink Blow (flute etc.) Boil Borrow Break I Break II Break into pieces Breathe Broadcast seed Brush Build (house etc.) Burn (fire burns) Burst out Bury Buy Call (to someone) Carry Carry on back Carve (wood etc.) Catch s.t thrown Check for s.t Chew Choose Choose first Climb Close Come Come back Come out (of room) Continue (to s.t.) Cook Cough Count Cover Crawl Crowd s.o Cut down (tree) Cut in two Cut in pieces Singular kuub dyen kpwek rúth cát myɛn hwot+ xwɛ᷄t ko fyɛn cas dyem kúkum gbɛt kpebi ʒeŋ nyot kwab hat+ bun xwam hɔŋ fur wam ʃan wo furi nin gòs hes xaik haam ca dút ghaŋ taa ʃeɲ kaan fɔt gbiɲ bam+ gus wut ghiʃeŋ ʃak cem faár but kas ngum fáp cau tat gab cou Plural kyuub kpyek yúth tsàt hwyot hywɛ᷄t syɛn tsas kyukyum kpyebi kwyab hyàt dzun hywam hyɔŋ sur wyam san yo suri nyin gs hés ʃaik tsa gýt yaŋ kyaa syeɲ kyaan sɔt gbyiɲ dzam+ gyus wyut yiʃeŋ sak saár dzut kyas ngum sap+ cau kyat gyab tsou -19- Commentary Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 Gloss Cut off (head etc.) Dance Deceive Dehusk Die Dig (earth etc.) Dilute Divide Do s.t Drag Draw water Drink Drive animals Drop Dry in sun Eat Enslave Enter Excrete Extinguish Fall (rain) Fall over Fast Fear Feel (cold etc.) Fetch I Fetch II Fight (in war) Filter Find s.t Find II Finish (a task) Flog Flow (water etc.) Fly (birds) Fold (cloth etc.) Follow Force-feed Forget Frighten s.o Fry (in oil) Gather/collect Get Give Give birth Go Go out/exit Greet Grind Grow (plants) Hatch (egg) Hate Singular cou swat byén deěn ʧi kap gak+ gab kpeŋ daar daar xwa hya᷄m tat rus ɣi gyaan ghə᷆ ghoŋ+ fɛt gbɔ kpari hɔn gom caú bim haŋ+ twáŋ wòk ghab meɲ hwet ti ʒaar fur dwɔ̀ɔ́r xwɛ&&k zir Siis ʒaar kuum wok mo mar ʤi wut ruiŋ gɔk gwaŋ xes gbaŋ Plural Commentary dzyén geen+ tsi kyap gyak+ kpyeŋ gyaar gyaar hwya kyat yus yi yə᷆ yóŋ sɛt gbyɛŋ gbyɔ also hyam+ hyɔn gyom tsau dzim hàŋ kywaŋ yôk yab nteɲ hwyet kyi zaar sur gywor+ hwyɛ&&k zaar kyuum yok n̥ o ntar dzi yut gyɔk gwyaŋ xés gbyaŋ -20- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 Gloss Have a good aftertaste Have sex Hear Hide I Hide II Hide III Hit/strike (drum) Hoe Hold Hold tight Hunt Hurry Imitate Instigate Join s.t Judge Jump Keep Keep quiet Kill Kneel Know Lack Laugh Lean on Learn Leave Level Lick I Lick II Lie down Listen Lock Look Lose s.t Love Make into balls Make porridge Make ridges Make rope Make soup Maltreat Marry Mash Measure I Measure II Mix Mould (pot) Open Open slightly Overcook Pack Pierce/stab Singular par ʃɛn go but+ ra᷆s hɔk xit+ ʒwap baŋ+ kam ʃar yab kperí mya᷄m fuur dɔp ʃwom ci kpaŋ ʃik dwas+ fɛt rubi cek dak ʒaam fan toŋ hwɔp gam ren mok mimyet+ go gbǎŋ ni tar sim mam dyɛŋ cám wir fuur ʒwam dzaar teŋ màu koin gaam mam gaŋ tɛm gyii xiis kab Plural pyar sɛn gyo dzut+ ryás hyɔk xyit+ Commentary also ‘cover’ dzaŋ+ kyam sar kpyerí ntya᷄m sik gywas+ sɛt tsek gyak zaam san kyoŋ hyɔp gyam ryen ntok ntintyèt gyo gbyǎŋ nyi kyar also ‘potash’ () nnyam gyɛŋ tsàm wyir suur zwam ntau kyoin gyaam ntam gyaŋ kyɛm xyiis kyab -21- see how long s.t is see how deep s.t is also mwak Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 Gloss Pile up Pinch s.o Plait (hair) Plant (crop etc.) Play Pluck Pound (in mortar) I Pound (in mortar) II Pour (liquid) Press hands together Pull I Pull II Pull up plant Push Put Put marks on Put off Put on (clothes) Put soil on plant Put together Raise s.t up Rear (animals) Receive Refuse ‘Remain’ Remember Resemble Reserve Respect Singular doop miri cim ghen nken kpou ruŋ kpwyeŋ roní vin dar dyeri+ gun toði tuk cyam rim kam kom gbap nàu hwɔp has kpe bwat tathi+ has bwat xam 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 Rest Return Ride (horse etc.) Roam about Roast on coals Roll Rub I Rub II Run Say/speak Scatter Scratch Search See I See II Seek Seize by force Select first Sell Send message Set fire to Set trap Sew tuiŋ kwar fot zaŋ riŋ ham+ waŋ dùk tixat twaŋ wath+ kõĩ́ ghap ris+ ni ghap hum kaan gosyi tɔm tyeŋ nit non Plural Commentary ntiri tsim yen kpyou also hwam kpyeŋ yoní zin gyar gyeri gyun kyoði tsyam ryim kyam kyom gbyap nyàù hyɔp hyas kpye dzwat kyathi+ hyas zwat xyam kwyar sot zaŋ yiŋ hm wyaŋ gýk kixat kwyaŋ wyath+ kỹĩ́ yap s nyi yap hyum gyosyi kyɔm kyeŋ nyit nyon -22- also ‘honour’, ‘fast’, ‘observe food taboo’ Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 Gloss Shake I Shake II Share out, divide Sharpen Shave Shift Shoot (arrow, gun) Shout Shout loudly Shy away Sing Sit down Sit waiting anxiously Slap, discipline Slaughter (animal) Sleep Smash Smell Snap in two Sow seeds Spit Split (wood etc.) Spread I Spread II Sprinkle with water Squeeze Stand I Stand II Start Steal Steer Step on s.t Stick to Stoop Stop Stir (soup) Strip palm-fruits from a head Suck (breast etc.) Surpass Swallow Swear oath Sweep I Sweep II Swell Swim Take I Take II Take III Take a mouthful of powder Take out of water Tear (cloth etc.) Tell Singular ʃaù tim gàp faa kǒn tip tat gbɔs Plural sau kyim gyàp saa kyǒn kyip kyat gbyɔs Commentary ? cip hwan tu gom ʃiʃet gbya᷄m hwet+ hwe ran hwet nuŋ ghen wop hap+ tes wɔɔp hwab fin hap dìdèŋ kûm fep ɢyɛ̂ŋ ghet bap hɔp naik dyer xwɛ᷄m ham gan hõĩ́ fáŋ fis hɛr ʃeŋ hwɔr has+ xə tu wǔm hwɔm ʃeɲ ʃar kyu gom siset hwyêt ywe ryan hwyet nyuŋ yen yop hyáp kes hwyab sin hyap gigyèŋ kyûm syəp ɢyɛ᷆ŋ yet hyɔp nyaik gyer hywɛ᷄m hyam+ gyan hyõĩ́ saŋ+ fis seŋ hyɔr hyas+ xyə yûm hyɔm seɲ sar -23- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 Gloss Throw Throw down Tie Tighten Touch Transplant Try Turn over Twist (rope etc.) Unlock Untie I Untie II Uproot (tuber) Vomit Walk Want/need Warn Wash Wear Weed Weep Welcome Whistle Wind around Wipe Wish to be like Withdraw Wobble Work Wrap Yawn Yield well I You He/she/it We You pl They Something Mine Who? Which? What? Where? How many? Conjunctions and and then Whether Adverbs Up Forward Between Singular tat xwik+ ʃis vin bat+ gun ghim heni bani gaŋ+ gar gari gun kpe dzidzi ʃim cir gbis honi go gher dwari xwěp kàn fis koor tati dos kyom ban mborgbo hum mi ŋu ŋa hera nyiì mo gyə fumi nan ʃiʃa ndə na cənə Plural kyat hywỵk sis dzin dzat+ gyun yim Commentary also slam down, as in wrestling also dan dzani gyaŋ+ gyar gyari gyun kpye sim tsir gbyis hyoni yer hywêp kyàn sis also dergus gyos dzan hyum kə kərɛ ko fa ʃen gagak -24- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist NO 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 Gloss Ethnic groups Ham Singular Plural Commentary ham+ Exclamations Welcome! Hurry! Your mother! Ideophones Describes sound of body being hit Describes s.t big Describes s.t strong, also draw soup Separately Twisting and turning restlessly in bed Personal names I dwari wẳ ʒá mild oath –contracted from zhə mu ɢip kpau nyăŋ kaikáí wyẽĩwyêĩ́ You Edible and Useful Plants N 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 33 34 35 Gloss Guinea-yam33 Aerial yam34 Red yam35 Water-yam36 Tuber (general) Taro (Old cocoyam)37 New cocoyam38* Cassava*39 Sweet potato*40 Wild yam I Wild yam II Wild yam III Wild yam IV Tumuku41 Rizga42 Sorghum43 Diseased sorghum Bulrush millet44 (gero) Singular cit kpodom cit ʃadol Plural cit ywè fis fis ʃafa rwogo lawur xâŋ dwaŋ gboʃam ntoŋ xywari riŋgom guri boŋgi+ nar ywé — < H < H — — — — — — — (Dioscorea guineensis) (Dioscorea bulbifera) (Dioscorea cayenensis) 36 (Dioscorea alata) (Colocasia esculenta) 38 (Xanthosoma mafaffa) (H wali) 37 39 (Manihot esculenta) 40 (Ipomoea batatas) 41 (Plectranthus esculentus) 42 (Solenostemon rotundifolius) (Sorghum bicolor) 43 Commentary -25- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist N 1024 1025 1026 Gloss Singular Bulrush millet (maiwa) Eleusine*45 daŋgbant Fonio (H acca)46 ®yo Plural 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 Fonio seed Iburu (H iburu)47 Maize*48 Rice*49 Cowpea50 Spiral cowpea Lima bean51* Other beans I sáŋ 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 Other beans II Other beans III Bambara groundnut52 Kersting's ground-nut53 Groundnut (Peanut)54 Tiger-nut55 Garden egg56 Okra57 Chili pepper* (large)58 Birdseye chili*59 Onion (Allium cepa) Garlic60 Tomato61 Egusi melon62 Melon (other)63 Edible squash64 Sorrel/roselle65 Jews' mallow66 44 45 46 47 48 sàŋ hat gur’kpar tsin dzeer nʤab p with explosion and aspiration ‘Hausa sorghum’ nʤab mbabar hywỵ hywi gor saàr ndaan sáàr sapyar mbirmbi tafanuwa tumatir aguʃi < H < H < H see (Pennisetum spp.) (H tamba) (Eleusine coracana) (Digitaria exilis) (Digitaria iburua) (Zea mays) 49 (Oryza sativa/ glaberrima) 50 (Vigna unguiculata) 51 (Phaseolus lunatus) 52 (Vigna subterranea) 53 (Macrotyloma geocarpa) 54 (Arachis hypogaea) 55 (Cyperus esculentus) (Solanum melongena) 57 (Abelmoschus esculentus) 56 58 59 60 61 (Capsicum frutescens) (Capsicum annuum) (Allium sativum) (Lycopersicon esculentum) 62 (Citrullus lanatus) 63 (Cucumis spp) 64 (Cucurbita pepo) 65 Commentary (H yakuwa) (Hibiscus sabdariffa) -26- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist N 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 Gloss Kenaf67 Sesame seeds68 Black sesame69 Sesame leaves70 Bitterleaf71 Waterleaf*72 Plantain (Musa AAB) Banana (Musa AAA) Orange*73 Mango Bamboo Pineapple*74 Coconut*75 Pawpaw*76 Gourd (Generic) Gourd-bottle77 Gourd (spherical)78 Gourd-spoon Eating gourd Tobacco* Sugar-cane* Loofah79 (H soso) Cola Oil-palm80 Palm-fruit Palm-oil Palm kernel Raphia/ bamboo palm81 Fan-palm82 Monkey-guava83 Canarium tree84 Canarium fruit Mahogany85 Singular Plural kyos+ yaba remu, oriʤi mangura haa cuwon gwanda kpiin xyeb dàt ntar tabo kara < H < H., E < H háá < H kpíín dàt goro cwɔn dzɛk kwɛ^^ŋ ʤók dzɛ@@k hywɛ̀ŋ 66 (H lalo)(Corchorus olitorius) (H rama) (Hibiscus cannabinus) 68 (H RiỴii) (Sesamum indicum) 69 (Sesamum radiatum) 70 (H karkashi) 71 Vernonia amygdalina 67 72 73 (Amaranthus spp) (Citrus sinensis) 74 (Ananas comosus) (Cocos nucifera) 76 (Carica papaya) 77 (Lagenaria siceraria) 75 78 Commentary (Cucurbita maxima) 79 (Luffa cylindrica) 80 (Elaeis guineensis) 81 (Raphia spp.) 82 (Borassus aethiopum) 83 (Diospyros mespiliformis) 84 (Canarium schweinfurthii) 85 (Khaya senegalensis) -27- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist N 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 Gloss Custard apple86 Wild date-palm87 Baobab88 Silk-cotton tree89 Shea tree90 Shea-fruit Locust tree91 Locust fruit Locust-bean cakes Tamarind92 Sodom apple93 Terminalia sp.94 Black plum95 Fig96 Strawberry tree Whitethorn False locust Iroko Fig Sasswood Neem Newbouldia laevis Spiny plum Snuff-box tree Cactus Tree sp I 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 Tree sp II Tree sp III Tree sp IV Tree sp V Tree sp VI Tree sp VII Tree sp VIII Tree sp IX Tree sp XI Tree sp XII Tree sp XIII Tree sp XIV Tree sp XV Tree sp XVI Tree sp XVII Singular mud nyas kuka cum gyem yo nyiin bír hywob gbwès ciri kyum dzuur ʒaʃwa ʃaŋ ngyor sab nyim duruku kurku koor dudom hak Plural Commentary cf Ningye nyin, dzír H durumi H tafashiya H farin kaya H kirya H ∫aure H gwaska < E H aduruku H tsada H kocikoko H kerana mòhak gbam nap ʤont hersuŋ gbaam kparkpak nyab xwob ʒi yoryo cahwyak ngyum kyum dzuur gab kpukpaŋ fig sp.? thorn tree 86 (Annona senegalensis) (Phoenix reclinata) 88 (Adansonia digitata) 89 (Ceiba pentandra) 90 (Vitellaria paradoxa) 91 (Parkia biglobosa) 92 (Tamarindus indica) 93 (Calotropis procera H tumfafiya) 94 (H baushe) 95 (Vitex doniana) 96 Ficus polita 87 -28- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist N 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 Gloss Tree sp XVIII Tree sp XIX Tree sp XX Tree sp XXI Tree sp XXII Tree sp XXIII Tree sp XXIV Tree sp XXV Tree sp XXVI Tree sp XXVII Tree sp XXVIII Tree sp XXIX Tree sp XXX Tree sp XXXI Tree sp XXXII Tree sp XXXIII Tree sp XXXIV Tree sp XXXV Tree sp XXXVI Tree sp XXXVII Tree sp XXXVIII Vine sp I Vine sp I Cow-itch Dichrostachys cinerea Shrub sp I Shrub sp II Shrub sp II Speargrass Thatching grass Grass sp I Singular suni gbokom zunzɛŋ xii tenob bat furiŋ boŋ foo forbwak kyuu sɛŋ homyɛŋ bidub ʤɛŋʤɛŋ tap ʃarkam harmag dɔri cir gwɔŋ kpan rinas Plural Commentary edible leaves used to make drums haŋ ‘bush pumpkin’ gbaʤak kyum par nyǎp ywerywe H karara H dundu hwoop hywam mbyaan nyâp hywám Musical Instruments No 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 Gloss Drum I Drum II Flute Zither Lute Horn Bell Iron gong Gourd-rattle Ankle rattles I Ankle rattles II Singular dzi dzi satsem ʒeŋ gbyǎm ntere mgbó yá Plural Commentary dzi ʒeŋ gbm mgb mị-ù xeb cee dak gbaʤak also bau References Abraham, R.C 1962 Dictionary of the Hausa language London: University of London Press Bendor-Samuel, J ed 1989 The Niger-Congo languages Lanham: University Press of America -29- Roger Blench: Hyam Wordlist Castelnau, F de 1851 Renseignements sur l’Afrique centrale et sur une nation d’hommes queue qui s’y trouverait Paris: xx Crozier, D and Blench, R.M 1992 Index of Nigerian Languages (edition 2) SIL, Dallas De Wolf, P 1971 The noun class system of Proto-Benue-Congo The Hague: Mouton Dihoff, I 1976 Aspects of the grammar of Chori Ph.D University of Wisconsin Gerhardt, L 1983a Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprachen des Nigerianischen Plateaus Glückstadt: Verlag J.J Augustin Gerhardt, Ludwig 1983b Lexical interferences in the Chadic/Benue-Congo Border-Area In Wolff, E & MeyerBahlburg, H (eds.) Studies in Chadic and Afroasiatic Linguistics 301-310 Hamburg: Helmut Buske Gerhardt, Ludwig 1988 Bemerkungen zur morphologie des Kwoi In: Afrikanische Arbeitspapiere, Sondernummer 1988 ed W Mohlig 53-65 Gerhardt, Ludwig 1992 Zwei alte Quellen zum Hyam (Plateau, Nordnigeria) näher betrachtet In: Komparativ Afrikanistik etc., 138-150 Guthrie, M 1967-73 Comparative Bantu vols Gregg International Publishers Jockers, Heinz 1982 Untersuchungen zum Kwoi-Dialekt des Hyam/Jaba M.A Afrikanischen Sprachen, Universität Hamburg Jungraithmayr, H and Dymitr Ibriszimow 1995 Chadic lexical roots [2 vols.] Berlin: Reimer Koelle, S.W 1854 Polyglotta Africana London: Church Missionary Society Mukarovsky, H 1976-1977 A study of Western Nigritic vols Wien: Institut für Ägyptologie und Afrikanistik, Universität Wien Newman, R.M 1997 An English-Hausa dictionary Lagos: Longman Shimizu, K 1975 A lexicostatistical study of Plateau languages and Jukun Anthropological Linguistics, 17:413418 Temple, Olive 1922 Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria Argus Printing and Publishing Co Capetown Westermann, D 1927 Die Westlichen Sudansprachen und ihre Beziehungen zum Bantu Berlin: de Gruyter Williamson, K., and K Shimizu 1968 Benue-Congo comparative wordlist, Vol Ibadan: West African Linguistic Society Williamson, Kay 1973 Benue-Congo comparative wordlist: Vol.2 Ibadan: West African Linguistic Society -30-