Index Symbols ;. See semicolon :. See colon :=. See assignment operator ". See quotation marks `'. See quotation marks (+). See outer join operator &. See ampersand #. See unique identifier See dash *. See asterisk ||. See concatenation operator A ACCEPT command, 7Ć15, 11Ć17 active set, 24Ć11, 24Ć13, 24Ć15 alias column, 1Ć21, 2Ć7, 14Ć11 table, 4Ć13 ALTER SEQUENCE command, 13Ć17 ALTER TABLE command, 12Ć7 ADD clause, 12Ć7 add columns, 12Ć7 ADD constraint clause, 12Ć11 DEFAULT keyword, 12Ć7 DISABLE clause, 12Ć15 DROP constraint clause, 12Ć11 ENABLE clause, 12Ć15 MODIFY clause, 12Ć9 modify columns, 12Ć9 NOT NULL constraint, 12Ć7 ALTER USER command, password, 16Ć13 alternate key, 8Ć25 ampersand (&), 7Ć9, 11Ć17, 20Ć21 single, 7Ć9 anonymous block, 18Ć11, 18Ć13 application partitioning, 19Ć11 argument, 20Ć11 IN, 20Ć13, 22Ć19 arithmetic expressions, 1Ć13 arithmetic operators, 1Ć13, 3Ć25 ASC, 2Ć5 assignment operator, 21Ć7, 21Ć29, 22Ć21 asterisk (*), 1Ć9, 8Ć33 attribute, 8Ć15 %FOUND, 24Ć17 %ISOPEN, 24Ć17, 24Ć19 %NOTFOUND, 24Ć17 %ROWCOUNT, 24Ć17, 24Ć19 %ROWTYPE, 21Ć23 %TYPE, 21Ć13, 22Ć9 cursor, 24Ć25 definition, 8Ć13 explicit cursor, 24Ć17 B B*Tree. See index BINARY_INTEGER, 21Ć15 block, 18Ć9 Boolean condition, 23Ć7, 23Ć13 breakpoint, 19Ć37, 19Ć39, 19Ć41 setting, 19Ć37 BTITLE command, CĆ17 built-in package, 19Ć19 button Go, 19Ć39 reset, 19Ć39 Step Into, 19Ć39 Step Out, 19Ć39 Step Over, 19Ć39 Vertical Button Bar, 19Ć21 C Call Stack, 19Ć43 candidate key, 8Ć25 Cartesian Product, 4Ć7 character function, 3Ć9 character pattern matching, 2Ć21 CHECK constraint, 8Ć23, 9Ć15, 9Ć23 code breakpoint, 19Ć41 commenting, 21Ć43 conventions, 21Ć45 debugging, 19Ć37, 21Ć43, 25Ć11 naming, 21Ć45 stepping through, 19Ć39 testing, 19Ć37, 19Ć43 colon (:), 21Ć41 column, IĆ11 column alias, 1Ć21, 2Ć7, 14Ć11 See also column heading COLUMN command, 1Ć45 format model elements, 1Ć49 column constraint, 9Ć17 CHECK, 9Ć23 FOREIGN KEY, 9Ć21 NOT NULL, 9Ć19 PRIMARY KEY, 9Ć21 UNIQUE, 9Ć19 column heading, 1Ć11 command file, CĆ15 comment, 21Ć43 delimiter, 21Ć25 COMMENT command, 12Ć21 COMMIT command, 24Ć27 COMMIT statement, 11Ć37, 11Ć41, 22Ć27 comparison operator. See operator compile, 19Ć31, 20Ć7 steps, 19Ć29 composite primary key, 8Ć25 compound primary key, 8Ć25 concatenation operator, 1Ć23 condition, 23Ć25 conditional construct. See IF statement CONSTANT keyword, 21Ć7 constraint. See CHECK constraint; FOREIGN KEY constraint; NOT NULL constraint; PRIMARY KEY constraint; UNIQUE constraint constraints, 9Ć15 column, 9Ć17 data integrity, 8Ć23 column, 8Ć23 entity, 8Ć23 referential, 8Ć23 user-defined, 8Ć23 table, 9Ć17 control structure, 18Ć5, 23Ć5 IF statement, syntax, 23Ć7 loop, 23Ć17 conversion function, 3Ć33 COUNT function, 5Ć11 CREATE FUNCTION command, 20Ć7 RETURN statement, 20Ć17 CREATE INDEX command, 15Ć13 CREATE PROCEDURE command, 20Ć7 CREATE SEQUENCE command, 13Ć7 CREATE SYNONYM command, 16Ć25 CREATE TABLE command, 9Ć7, 9Ć25 subquery, 9Ć31 CREATE USER command, 16Ć7 CREATE VIEW command, 14Ć7 WITH CHECK OPTION clause, 14Ć17 WITH READ ONLY option, 14Ć19 Cue Cards, 19Ć13 CURRVAL, 9Ć9, 13Ć13 cursor, 22Ć23, 24Ć5 attribute, 24Ć25 explicit, 22Ć7, 22Ć15, 24Ć5, 24Ć7, 24Ć21 attributes, 24Ć17 closing, 24Ć15 CURSOR statement, 24Ć9 declaring, 24Ć9 FETCH statement, 24Ć13 fetching, syntax, 24Ć13 FOR UPDATE clause, 24Ć27 opening, 24Ć11, 24Ć23 WHERE CURRENT OF clause, 24Ć27 FOR loop, 24Ć25 implicit, 22Ć23, 24Ć5 cursor FOR loop. See cursor CURSOR statement. See cursor D dash (-), 11Ć17 data control language (DCL), IĆ25, 9Ć7, 11Ć35, 22Ć5 ALTER USER command, 16Ć13 CREATE ROLE command, 16Ć11 CREATE SYNONYM command, 16Ć25 CREATE USER command, 16Ć7 DROP SYNONYM command, 16Ć27 GRANT command, 16Ć15 REVOKE command, 16Ć23 data definition language (DDL), IĆ25, 9Ć7, 11Ć35, 19Ć25 ALTER TABLE command, 12Ć5 COMMENT command, 12Ć5 CREATE TABLE command, 9Ć7 DROP TABLE command, 12Ć17 RENAME command, 12Ć5 TRUNCATE command, 12Ć5 data dictionary, 9Ć17, 9Ć33, 10Ć5 DICT_COLUMNS, 10Ć9 DICTIONARY, 10Ć9 privileges, 16Ć21 USER_CONS_COLUMNS, 10Ć15, 12Ć13 USER_CONSTRAINTS, 10Ć13, 12Ć13 USER_IND_COLUMNS, 15Ć17 USER_INDEXES, 15Ć17 USER_OBJECTS, 10Ć9, 13Ć11 USER_SEQUENCES, 13Ć11 USER_VIEWS, 14Ć21 data integrity constraints, IĆ15, 8Ć23 data manipulation language (DML), IĆ25, 11Ć5, 11Ć35, 22Ć5, 22Ć23 DELETE statement, 11Ć29 INSERT command, 11Ć7 UPDATE statement, 11Ć21 view, 14Ć15, 14Ć19 database, IĆ9 database design, 8Ć5 table instance chart, 8Ć29 database security, 16Ć5 Database Trigger editor, 19Ć5, 19Ć9 datatype, 9Ć13, 21Ć9 BINARY_INTEGER, 21Ć15 composite, 21Ć15 conversion, 21Ć39 parameter, 24Ć23 scalar, 21Ć9 date format elements, 3Ć37 date function, 3Ć27 DBMS_SQL package, 22Ć5 DCL. See data control language DDL. See data definition language debug action, 19Ć33, 19Ć35, 19Ć37 declarative section, 18Ć9, 21Ć5 DEFAULT keyword, 9Ć7, 9Ć9, 12Ć7, 21Ć7 default value, 22Ć19 DEFINE command, 7Ć15 DELETE statement, 11Ć29, 22Ć19 DESC, 2Ć5 DESCRIBE command, 1Ć39, 9Ć33, 10Ć13 DISTINCT keyword, 1Ć31 DML. See data definition language DROP INDEX command, 15Ć19 DROP SEQUENCE command, 13Ć19 DROP SYNONYM command, 16Ć27 DROP TABLE command, 12Ć17 CASCADE CONSTRAINTS option, 12Ć17 DROP VIEW command, 14Ć23 DUAL table, 3Ć23 E empty string (`'), 11Ć9 entity, 8Ć15 definition, 8Ć13 entity relationship model, 8Ć13, 8Ć29 attribute, 8Ć13 entity, 8Ć13 normalization, 8Ć21 relationship, 8Ć13 equijoin, 4Ć11 error handling. See exception-handling section exception, 18Ć9, 22Ć13, 22Ć15, 24Ć11, 25Ć5 INVALID_CURSOR, 24Ć15, 25Ć11 NO_DATA_FOUND, 22Ć15, 22Ć17, 25Ć5, 25Ć11 non-predefined Oracle7 Server error, 25Ć7, 25Ć15 predefined Oracle7 Server error, 25Ć7, 25Ć11 propagating, 25Ć5, 25Ć21 RAISE statement, 25Ć5, 25Ć17 SQLCODE, 25Ć19 SQLERRM, 25Ć19 TOO_MANY_ROWS, 22Ć15, 22Ć17, 25Ć11 trapping, 25Ć5 syntax, 25Ć9 user-defined, 25Ć7, 25Ć17 WHEN OTHERS clause, 25Ć9, 25Ć19 exception-handling section, 18Ć9, 20Ć5, 21Ć5, 25Ć5, 25Ć9 executable section, 18Ć9, 21Ć5, 25Ć5 EXECUTE command, 20Ć21 EXIT statement. See loop export, program unit, 19Ć29 F FETCH statement. See cursor field, IĆ11 footer. See BTITLE command FOR UPDATE clause, 24Ć27 foreign key, IĆ11, 8Ć27, 8Ć37 FOREIGN KEY constraint, 8Ć23, 9Ć15, 9Ć21, 9Ć31 ON DELETE CASCADE, 9Ć23 function, 3Ć5, 18Ć13, 20Ć5, 22Ć23 character, 3Ć9 CONCAT, 3Ć9 INITCAP, 3Ć9 LENGTH, 3Ć9 LOWER, 3Ć9 NVL, 3Ć9 SUBSTR, 3Ć9 UPPER, 3Ć9 conversion, 3Ć33 See also date format elements TO_CHAR, 3Ć33, 3Ć35, 3Ć45 TO_DATE, 3Ć33, 3Ć49 TO_NUMBER, 3Ć33, 3Ć49 date, 3Ć27 ADD_MONTHS, 3Ć27 LAST_DAY, 3Ć27 MONTHS_BETWEEN, 3Ć27 NEXT_DAY, 3Ć27 ROUND, 3Ć27 TRUNC, 3Ć27 group, 5Ć5 AVG, 5Ć7 COUNT, 5Ć7 MAX, 5Ć7 MIN, 5Ć7 STDDEV, 5Ć7 SUM, 5Ć7 VARIANCE, 5Ć7 in SQL statements, 20Ć25 invoking, 20Ć25 multiple row, 3Ć5 nesting, 3Ć51 number, 3Ć17 MOD, 3Ć17 ROUND, 3Ć17 TRUNC, 3Ć17 NVL, 1Ć29 single row, 3Ć5, 3Ć7 SQL, 20Ć15 SQLCODE, 25Ć19 SQLERRM, 25Ć19 standalone, 20Ć23 syntax, 20Ć17 SYSDATE, 3Ć23, 3Ć25 TO_DATE, 11Ć13 user-defined, 20Ć15 G Go button, 19Ć39 GRANT command, 16Ć9 object privileges, 16Ć15 PUBLIC keyword, 16Ć19 WITH GRANT OPTION clause, 16Ć19 GRANT ROLE command, 16Ć11 GROUP BY clause, 5Ć13, 5Ć19, 5Ć23 group function, 5Ć5 subquery, 6Ć13 H HAVING clause, 5Ć21, 5Ć25 group function, 5Ć25 header. See TTITLE command help Cue Cards, 19Ć13 online, 19Ć9 Quick Tour, 19Ć11 I identifier, 18Ć5, 20Ć23, 21Ć7, 21Ć25, 22Ć9, 22Ć21, 25Ć5 IF statement, 23Ć5 nested, 23Ć11 syntax. See control structure IN mode, 20Ć11 IN OUT mode, 20Ć11, 20Ć19 index, 15Ć5 B*Tree, 15Ć5, 15Ć9 concatenated, 15Ć11 CREATE INDEX command, 15Ć13 DROP INDEX command, 15Ć19 guidelines, 15Ć15 non-unique, 15Ć11 optimization, 15Ć7 ROWID, 15Ć9 single column, 15Ć11 UNIQUE, 9Ć19, 9Ć21, 15Ć11 INSERT statement, 11Ć7, 22Ć19 subquery, 11Ć19 integration, 18Ć7 Interpreter, 19Ć9, 19Ć23 Interpreter pane, 19Ć23, 19Ć25 INTO clause, 22Ć7, 22Ć9, 24Ć9, 24Ć13 INVALID_CURSOR exception, 24Ć15 J join Cartesian Product, 4Ć7 equijoin, 4Ć11 non-equijoin, 4Ć19 outer, 4Ć21 self join, 4Ć25 simple, 4Ć9 table alias, 4Ć17 table prefix, 4Ć13 WHERE clause, 4Ć9 join condition, 4Ć5 L lexical unit, 21Ć25 library, 19Ć19, 19Ć21 attached, 19Ć19 LIKE operator, 2Ć21 literal, 1Ć25, 21Ć25 logical condition, 23Ć13 login.sql file, 7Ć19, CĆ11 loop, 23Ć17 basic, 23Ć5 syntax, 23Ć17 cursor FOR, 24Ć25 EXIT statement, 23Ć5, 23Ć17 FOR, 23Ć5 syntax, 23Ć21 labels, 23Ć27 nested, 23Ć27 WHILE, 23Ć5 syntax, 23Ć25 with cursors, 24Ć17, 24Ć19 looping constructs, 23Ć5 M mode IN, 20Ć11 IN OUT, 20Ć11 OUT, 20Ć11 model. See entity relationship model modularity, 18Ć5 multiple row subquery, 6Ć17 N naming guidelines, 9Ć11 naming rules, 9Ć11 nested block, 21Ć27 nesting functions. See function NEXTVAL, 9Ć9, 13Ć13 NO_DATA_FOUND exception. See exception node, 19Ć21 normalization, 8Ć21 NOT NULL constraint, 1Ć27, 8Ć25, 8Ć33, 9Ć15, 9Ć19, 9Ć31, 9Ć33, 12Ć7 NOT NULL keyword, 21Ć7, 21Ć13 NULL keyword, 11Ć9 null value, IĆ11, 1Ć27, 2Ć25, 8Ć27, 21Ć7 number function, 3Ć17 NVL function, 1Ć29 O Object Navigator, 19Ć5, 19Ć9, 19Ć15, 19Ć27, 19Ć37 ON DELETE CASCADE. See FOREIGN KEY constraint OPEN cursor. See cursor operator, 21Ć35 AND, 2Ć27 BETWEEN, 2Ć19 comparison, 2Ć11, 2Ć15 IN, 2Ć19 IS NULL, 2Ć25 LIKE, 2Ć21 %, 2Ć21 _, 2Ć21 ESCAPE option, 2Ć23 logical, 2Ć15, 23Ć13 OR, 2Ć27 SQL, 2Ć15 operator precedence, 1Ć17 Oracle7 Server, IĆ19 ORDER BY clause, 2Ć5 See also SELECT statement OUT mode, 20Ć11, 20Ć19 outer join, 4Ć21 outer join operator ((+)), 4Ć21 P package, 18Ć11, 20Ć5 parameter, 7Ć21, 24Ć23, 24Ć25 actual, 20Ć11, 20Ć21 formal, 20Ć11 local, 19Ć43 modes, 20Ć11 substitution, 20Ć21 syntax, 20Ć9 password, 16Ć13 PL/SQL, IĆ19, IĆ23, 18Ć5, 18Ć15 PL/SQL block, nesting, 21Ć27 PL/SQL Interpreter. See Interpreter PL/SQL record, 21Ć19, 22Ć7, 22Ć11, 24Ć21, 24Ć25 declaring, 21Ć21 syntax, 21Ć21 PL/SQL table, 21Ć15 declaring, 21Ć17 syntax, 21Ć17 portability, 18Ć7 pragma EXCEPTION_INIT, 25Ć15 precedence, 2Ć29 primary key, IĆ11, 8Ć25, 8Ć27 PRIMARY KEY constraint, 1Ć27, 8Ć23, 9Ć15, 9Ć21, 12Ć15 index, 15Ć5 PRIMARY KEY index, 12Ć15 privilege, 9Ć7, 10Ć5, 16Ć5 object, 16Ć5 system, 16Ć5 procedure, 18Ć13, 20Ć5 syntax, 20Ć9 Procedure Builder, 18Ć17, 19Ć5, 20Ć7, 22Ć27, 25Ć11, 25Ć21 program construct, 18Ć11 program unit, 19Ć5, 19Ć19, 19Ć29, 20Ć5 Program Unit editor, 19Ć5, 19Ć9, 19Ć27 pseudocolumn CURRVAL, 9Ć23 LEVEL, 9Ć23 NEXTVAL, 9Ć23 ROWNUM, 9Ć23 PUBLIC keyword, 16Ć19 Q Quick Tour, 19Ć11 quotation marks double, 1Ć21, 21Ć25 single, 1Ć25, 2Ć13, 7Ć11, 7Ć17, 11Ć7, 11Ć15, 21Ć25, 21Ć31 R RAISE statement. See exception recursive relationship, 8Ć17, 8Ć19 referential integrity constraint. See FOREIGN KEY constraint relational database, IĆ9 relationship, 8Ć17 definition, 8Ć13 many-to-many, 8Ć19 many-to-one, 8Ć19, 8Ć37 one-to-one, 8Ć19, 8Ć37 recursive, 8Ć17 RENAME command, 12Ć19 Reset button, 19Ć39 RETURN statement, 20Ć17 REVOKE command, 16Ć23 role, 16Ć5, 16Ć11 ROLLBACK statement, 11Ć37, 11Ć43, 22Ć27 row, IĆ11 ROWID, 15Ć9, 24Ć21, 24Ć27 S SAVEPOINT statement, 11Ć37, 11Ć45, 22Ć29 schema, 9Ć9 scope, 21Ć27 script file, 7Ć21, 9Ć25, CĆ15, CĆ19 search, 19Ć21 security, 16Ć5 role, 16Ć5 SELECT command. See SELECT statement SELECT statement, 11Ć11, 24Ć5 basic query, 1Ć5 FROM clause, 1Ć9 GROUP BY clause, 5Ć13 guidelines, 1Ć7 HAVING clause, 5Ć25 INTO clause, 22Ć7 ORDER BY clause, 2Ć5 outer join, 4Ć21 rules, 1Ć7 SELECT clause, 1Ć9, 22Ć9 simple join, 4Ć9 syntax, 22Ć7 WHERE clause, 2Ć11 self join, 4Ć25 semicolon (;), 22Ć7 sequence, 20Ć13, 22Ć19 ALTER SEQUENCE command, 13Ć17 cache, 13Ć15 CREATE SEQUENCE command, 13Ć7 DROP SEQUENCE command, 13Ć19 gaps, 13Ć15 SET command, CĆ11 SET VERIFY command, 7Ć9 simple join, 4Ć9 sort order. See ORDER BY clause Source pane, 19Ć23 SQL, 18Ć5, CĆ9 SQL buffer, 1Ć7, 1Ć41 SQL command, IĆ13, IĆ23, 1Ć35 SQL cursor attributes, 22Ć23 SQL%FOUND, 22Ć23 SQL%ISOPEN, 22Ć23 SQL%NOTFOUND, 22Ć23 SQL%ROWCOUNT, 22Ć23 SQL function, 20Ć15, 21Ć37 conversion, 21Ć39 SYSDATE, 3Ć23, 3Ć25, 20Ć13, 22Ć19 USER, 20Ć13, 22Ć19 SQL statement, 22Ć5 SQL*Plus, IĆ23, 1Ć35, 20Ć7, 20Ć21, 25Ć21, CĆ9 editing commands, 1Ć41 file commands, 1Ć43 format commands, CĆ15 parameter, 7Ć21 SET command, CĆ11 SQLCODE function, 25Ć19 SQLERRM function, 25Ć19 stack, 19Ć19 Stack node, 19Ć11, 19Ć43 statement level rollback, 11Ć47 Step Into button, 19Ć39 Step Out button, 19Ć39 Step Over button, 19Ć39 stored function, 18Ć11 stored procedure, 18Ć11 stored program unit, 19Ć33 Stored Program Unit editor, 19Ć5, 19Ć9, 19Ć31 stored subprograms, 20Ć5 subprogram, 18Ć13, 19Ć7 See also function; procedure application, 20Ć5 creating, 20Ć7 invoking, 20Ć21 subquery, 14Ć7 CREATE TABLE, 9Ć31 HAVING clause, 6Ć19 INSERT statement, 11Ć19 multiple row, 6Ć17 single row, 6Ć11 UPDATE statement, 11Ć21 WHERE clause, 6Ć19 substitution variable, 11Ć15 syntax, rules, 21Ć25 SYSDATE, 9Ć9, 9Ć23, 11Ć11 See also SQL function system development cycle, IĆ17, 8Ć7 system privilege, 16Ć7 T table, IĆ11, 1Ć5 ALTER TABLE command, 12Ć5 CREATE SYNONYM command, 16Ć25 CREATE TABLE command, 9Ć7 DROP TABLE command, 12Ć17 properties, IĆ13 table alias, 4Ć17 table constraint, 9Ć17 CHECK, 9Ć23 FOREIGN KEY, 9Ć21 PRIMARY KEY, 9Ć21 UNIQUE, 9Ć19 table instance chart, 8Ć29, 8Ć33, 9Ć25 table prefix, 4Ć13 tables, 9Ć5 TEXT_IO package, 20Ć23 TO_CHAR, 3Ć35, 3Ć45 TO_DATE, 3Ć49 TO_DATE function, 11Ć13 TO_NUMBER, 3Ć49 TOO_MANY_ROWS exception. See exception transaction, 11Ć5, 11Ć35, 24Ć27 transaction control, 22Ć27 TRUNCATE TABLE command, 12Ć19 TTITLE command, CĆ17 U UID, 9Ć23 See also unique identifier UNDEFINE command, 7Ć19 UNIQUE constraint, 8Ć25, 9Ć15, 9Ć19, 12Ć15 index, 15Ć5 unique identifier, 8Ć15, 8Ć19, 8Ć35 number symbol (#), 8Ć15, 8Ć35 UNIQUE index, 9Ć19, 9Ć21, 12Ć15 unique key, 8Ć25, 8Ć27 UPDATE statement, 11Ć21, 22Ć19, 22Ć21 USER, 9Ć9, 9Ć23 USERENV, 9Ć23 USERID, 11Ć11 V variable, 21Ć5, 24Ć9 bind, 20Ć21 host, 21Ć41, 24Ć23 input, 24Ć11 local, 19Ć43 scalar, 21Ć9 Vertical Button Bar, 19Ć21 view, 14Ć5 complex, 14Ć9, 14Ć13 CREATE VIEW command, 14Ć7 DROP VIEW command, 14Ć23 simple, 14Ć9 W WHEN OTHERS clause. See exception WHERE clause, 2Ć11, 5Ć21, 22Ć7, 22Ć13, 22Ć21 See also join DELETE statement, 11Ć29 UPDATE statement, 11Ć25 WHERE CURRENT OF clause, 24Ć27 wildcard search, 2Ć21 . mode, 20Ć11 IN OUT mode, 20Ć11, 20Ć19 index, 15Ć5 B*Tree, 15Ć5, 15Ć9 concatenated, 15Ć11 CREATE INDEX command, 15Ć13 DROP INDEX command, 15Ć19 guidelines, 15Ć15 non-unique,. 8Ć25, 8Ć27 PRIMARY KEY constraint, 1Ć27, 8Ć23, 9Ć15, 9Ć21, 12Ć15 index, 15Ć5 PRIMARY KEY index, 12Ć15 privilege, 9Ć7, 10Ć5, 16Ć5 object, 16Ć5 system, 16Ć5 procedure,