Tài liệu Longman Dictionarry of Common Errors_ Part 2.5 pptx

keep on x He wants the new generation to keep on this tradition. .I He wants the new generation to keep up this tradition . keep up = continue a tradition, custom, habit, relationship etc (instead of letting it come to an end); continue to use a particular skill: 'We've managed to keep up our friendship despite all the problems and misunderstandings.' 'Try to keep up your English while you're back in Italy.' keep up X People of normal weight should keep up eating the food they are used to. .I People of normal weight should keep (on) eating the food they are used to. keep (on) doing sth (or carry on doing sth) = continue to do something (instead of stopping): 'Just keep (on) going till you come to a crossroads.' 'You should keep (on) taking the tablets until they're all gone.' Note the alternative: 'People of normal weight should just keep to their normal diet.' key x The key of our success is that we all worked very hard. .I The key to our success is that we all worked very hard . key to a problem or situation: 'The key to inflation is control of the money supply.' kid ? Films of this type are not suitable for young kids. .I Films of this type are not suitable for young children . kid is used only in informal styles: '1'11ring you back once the kids are in bed.' kill See Language Note on next page kind 1 x I wonder if you would be so kind to send me further details and an application form. .I I wonder if you would be so kind as to send me further details and an application form. be kind enough to do sth: 'Would you be kind enough to forward the enclosed documents to Mr Tomkin's new address?' be 50 kind as to do sth: 'I wonder if you'd be so kind as to inform your colleagues of the new arrangements.' 2 )( All the people he met were very kind with him. .I All the people he met were very kind to him . Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 189 Choosing the right word: GENERAL WORDS and EXACT WORDS Some words have a general meaning, e.g. big, beautiful, good, say, make, kill. These words are useful, especially when you begin to learn English, because you can make use of them in a wide range of situations: a big meal, a big kitchen, a b'igmistake, etc For each general word, however, there is usually another word or phrase which comes closer to what you want to say, and which may also sound more natural in the context: a substantial meal, a spacious kitchen, a serious mistake, etc A major step towards fluency in English is getting to know plenty of exact words which can replace the more general words you have learned. Here are some words which can be used instead of the general word kill. murder To murder someone is to kill them deliberately and unlawfully: 'The key witness was murdered before he could testify.' A person who does this is a murderer. massacre Massacre is used when you talk about the deliberate killing of a large number of people, especially people who cannot defend themselves: 'Whole native populations were massacred when the European settlers arrived.' slaughter Slaughter is used when you talk about the deliberate killing of a large number of people, especially in a particularly cruel way: 'Men ran through the village burning houses and slaughtering anyone that got in their way.' To slaughter an animal is to kill it for its meat, skin, etc, or as part of a religious ceremony: 'The children couldn't understand why the cattle had to be slaughtered.' execute To execute someone (or put someone to death) is to kill someone as a punishment, according to the law: 'King Charles I was executed on 30th January 1639.' assassinate To assassinate someone is to deliberately kill a very famous or important person such as a political leader: 'President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.' A person who does this is an assassin. commit suicide To commit suicide (or take your own life) is to deliberately kill yourself: 'Rather than be taken prisoner, they preferred to commit suicide.' destroy To destroy an animal (or have it put down/to sleep) is to kill it in a way that does not cause pain, especially because it is sick or injured: 'The cat had developed cancer and had to be destroyed.' Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 190 kind of kind of 1 kindly 1 knock 1 know 1 kind to a person or animal (NOT with): 'She's always been kind to people less fortunate than herself.' X There are many kind of job for people with qualifications. ,/ There are many kinds of job for people with qualifications. ,/ I enjoy all kind of sport. ,/ I enjoy all kinds of sport. Kind, sort and type are countable nouns. After many, all, these and other plural meanings, use kinds/sorts/types (WITH-s): These kinds of fruit do not grow in cold climates.' 2 X Imprisonment is not a good way of reducing this kind of crimes. ,/ Imprisonment is not a good way of reducing this kind of crime. ,/ Imprisonment is not a good way of reducing these kinds of crime/so kind/sort/type of + singular form: 'this kind of envelope' kinds/sorts/types of + singular or plural form: 'these kinds of envelope/s' Note that after kinds/sorts/types of a plural form can sometimes sound awkward and careful users generally prefer a singular form. x You are very kindly to spare me so much of your time. ,/ You are very kind to spare me so much of your time. )( She is always very kindly and helpful. ,/ She is always very kind and helpful. Kindly is nearly always used as an adverb: They've kindly offered to lend me their car while they're away.' 'Would you kindly sit down and stop being a nuisance.' 2 ? I wonder if you would kindly correct my mistakes. ,/ I wonder if you could possibly correct my mistakes. ? Would you kindly open the door? ,/ Would you mind opening the door, please? Kindly is used to mean 'please' only in formal styles. When used inappropriately, it can sound sarcastic or even express anger: 'Would you kindly keep your hands to yourself.' X The woman got angry and knocked him. ,/ The women got angry and hit him. X He thinks that someone knocked him on the head. ,/ He thinks that someone hit him on the head. When someone tries to hurt another person, they hit them: 'He still had a bruise from the time she had hit him.' 2 X When Sandra knocked the door, he was washing his face. ,/ When Sandra knocked on the door, he was washing his face. knock on/at a door, window etc: 'In future, don't come in without knocking on the door.' X I ran downstairs to know what was happening. ,/ I ran downstairs to find out what was happening. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. knowledge 191 X Two police officers visited him to know where he had been on the night of the murder . .I Two police officers visited him to find out where he had been on the night of the murder, find out = get information about something that you want to know: 'We need to find out why these cars have stopped selling.' 2 X The best way to know the city is to visit it on foot. .I The best way to get to know the city is to visit it on foot. X When a woman goes out to work, she knows other people . .I When a woman goes out to work, she gets to know other people. know = be familiar with: 'I know Frankfurt very well.' get to know = become familiar with: 'Once you get to know her, I'm sure you'll like her.' 'We got to know each other very well during the week we spent together.' 3 X I got to know the south of London very deeply, .I I got to know the south of London very well. (get to) know sb/sth very well (NOT deeply): 'I know Alex very well. We used to go to the same school.' 4 X He knew well where he wanted to go . .I He knew exactly/precisely.where he wanted to go. know sb/sth well = be fully familiar with: 'After living in Florence for two years, I know the city very well.' Compare: 'I'm completely against the idea, as you well know.' knowledge 1 X I don't have much knowledge about it. .I I don't know much about it. X I only have a little knowledge about the United States . .I I don't know very much about the United States. ? The man had a good knowledge of car engines, .I The man knew a lot about car engines. When talking informally about how much someone knows about something, use the verb know (NOT have knowledge): 'I don't know anything at all about computers.' 'Talk to Parn. She knows a lot about horses.' Have knowledge is mainly used in formal styles when you give precise details of what someone knows: 'Tucker has an excellent knowledge of Sri Lankan tea plantations.' 2 X I've learned a lot of knowledge during the course, .I I've learned a lot during the course. X They get the knowledge of AIDS from the television, .I They learn about AIDS from the television. learn a lotla great deal (NOT learn/get knowledge): 'I've learned a lot this year.' 'She's improving but she still has a lot to learn.' learn about sth: 'We've been learning about the American political system.' 3? I would like to get more knowledge of ancient history . .I I would like to improve my knowledge of ancient history. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 192 knowledge improve/increase/further/brush up your knowledge (of sth): 'I'd like to improve my knowledge of Asian cultures.' 4 X I am attending this course to improve my knowledges of English. ,/ I am attending this course to improve my knowledge of English. Knowledge never has a plural ending: 'With all your knowledge, you should be a teacher.' 5 X In this job you will need a good knowledge in English. ,/ In this job you will need a good knowledge of English. knowledge of a subject (NOT inIon): 'She displayed an impressive knowledge of modern French literature.' Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. lack 1 lady landscape x At school I used to lack in confidence . .I At school I used to lack confidence. X She certainly doesn't lack of enthusiasm . .I She certainly doesn't lack enthusiasm. Do not confuse lack sth (verb + object, WITHOUT in/of) with be lacking in sth and (a) lack of sth: 'He lacks the confidence to start his own business.' 'At school he was found to be lacking in confidence.' 'She certainly doesn't show any lack of confidence.' 'I think I'm suffering from a lack of sleep.' 2 X The room was fine except for a total lack of radio and television . .I The room was fine except that there was no radio or television. X Someone noticed the lack of salad dressing . .I Someone noticed that there wasn't any salad dressing. Lack is mainly used with abstract nouns: 'a lack of support/sympathy/ freedom/sleep/energy' Avoid using lack with concrete nouns: 'We don't have any envelopes.' 'We're short of envelopes.' 'There aren't enough envelopes.' ? At the front of the queue a man and a lady were arguing with the cashier . .I At the front of the queue a man and a woman were arguing with the cashier. Lady is used when you need to be polite, especially in formal styles: 'Ladies and gentlemen, may I have your attention please?' 'Please show these ladies the way to the cloakroom.' The usual word is woman: 'Isn't that the woman who teaches at the International School?' Note however that old lady is generally preferred to old woman, which sounds impolite: 'Can you help that old lady across the road?' X Lots of kings chose to live here because of the beautiful landscape . .I Lots of kings chose to live here because of the beautiful scenery. X The landscape surrounding the village is really beautiful. .I The scenery surrounding the village is really beautiful. landscape = (a view, painting or photograph of) a wide area of land, especially in the countryside: 'Having reached the top of the hill, we sat and admired the landscape that stretched far into the distance.' 'Constable is known for his beautiful Suffolk landscapes.' scenery = the natural features of the countryside (hills, valleys, fields etc) considered in terms of their beauty, especially those seen from a Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 194 lane lane language large last 1 2 3 particular place: 'The train journey takes you through some breathtaking scenery.' 'Cycling means that you can get fit and enjoy the scenery at the same time.' x It was so dark in the park that she kept wandering from the lane. ,/ It was so dark in the park that she kept wandering from the path. lane = a narrow road or street: 'We rode our bikes along the little country lanes.' path = a narrow strip of ground in a garden, park etc that is made for people to walk along: 'There used to be a path down to the stream, but it's all overgrown now.' X I speak Arabic language all the time. ,/ I speak Arabic all the time. X I spent the whole year learning English language. ,/ I spent the whole year learning English. X They know Japanese language. ,/ They know Japanese. speak/learn/know etc + name of a language (WITHOUT language): 'She speaks fluent English and a little German.' 'Do you know any Malay?' 'I'd like to learn Mandarin.' Note that the Arabic/English/Japanese language may be used when you talk about a language in terms of its history, structure, users etc: 'The English language has evolved over many centuries.' ? The road wasn't large enough for two cars. ,/ The road wasn't wide enough for two cars. When you are talking about the distance from one side to the other, use wide or broad: 'The river is much too wide to swim across.' 'How did you get such broad shoulders?' X Did you hear what happened on last Friday? ,/ Did you hear what happened last Friday? X He looks thinner than when I saw him in the last summer. ,/ He looks thinner than when I saw him last summer. X The last Monday was a terrible day. ,/ Last Monday was a terrible day. See Language Note at TIME X In the last years many people have stopped smoking. ,/ In recent years many people have stopped smoking. in recent weeks/months etc (NOT last): 'In recent months this stretch of the road has seen three serious accidents.' Compare: 'Over the last few years many people have stopped smoking.' X First we listened to the tape, then we answered some questions, and at last we wrote the story. ,/ First we listened to the tape, then we answered some questions, and finally we wrote the story. X We went from one restaurant to another, but all of them were full. At last we decided to buy some pizzas and take them home. ,/ We went from one restaurant to another, but all of them were full. In the end we decided to buy some pizzas and take them home. See Language Note at END Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. latest 195 lastly late x ,/ x ,/ lately 1 x ,/ latest 4 X As a dress designer, I am very interested in the last fashions. ,/ As a dress designer, I am very interested in the latest fashions. last = (the one) before this one; (the one) at the end of a list, sequence or series: 'Our last meeting was in Rome.' 'I answered all the questions except the last one.' latest = designed/produced/published etc more recently than any other: 'Have you seen Toyota's latest models?' 'The BBC World Service always has the latest news.' 5 x At last but not least, I must mention the climate. ,/ Last but not least, I must mention the climate. last but not least (WITHOUT at): 'Last but not least, I'd like to thank our sponsors for making this evening possible.' X Lastly I got bored with walking round the streets, and went back home. ,/ In the end/Eventually I got bored with walking round the streets, and went back home. See Language Note at END I often watch television until late night. I often watch television until late at night. Even late in the night, the roads are very busy. Even late at night, the roads are very busy. late at night: 'Hedgehogs like to roam around late at night, when most other animals are asleep.' Lately someone told me that the fire was caused by a cigarette. Recently someone told me that the fire was caused by a cigarette. Both lately and recently refer to a period of time that begins in the past and continues until now (the moment of speaking): 'Just lately/recently I have been wondering whether to look for a new job.' Recently is also used to refer to a point in time: 'Just recently she applied for a new job.' 2 X One of the best films that I saw lately is 'Hook'. ,/ One of the best films that I've seen lately is 'Hook'. X Lately I play a lot of Miles Davis tapes. ,/ Lately I've been playing a lot of Miles Davis tapes. X We have a lot of rain lately. ,/ We've had a lot of rain lately. Lately is usually used with the present perfect tense: 'I haven't seen much of your sister lately. Has she gone away?' X The latest election was won by the socialists. ,/ The last election was won by the socialists. X In the latest decades of the twentieth century, the world has seen many changes. ,/ In the last decades of the twentieth century, the world has seen many changes. See note at LAST 4 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 196 laughter laughter lay x ~ C_-:Q: _~ ./ oc. :~~~ X . \~./ :.~~ ~0~J lay down lead learn 1 2 leave 1 X His laughters filled the whole apartment. ./ His laughter filled the whole apartment. Laughter is an uncountable noun: 'There was always a lot of laughter and joking when Henry came to dinner.' The tourists were laying in the hot sun like corpses. The tourists were lying in the hot sun like corpses. We broke down the door and found him laying on the carpet. We broke down the door and found him lying on the carpet . lay (laying, iaid, laid) = put something somewhere: 'She laid the money on the table in front of me.' lie (lying, lay, lain) = be in a horizontal position (on the ground/on a bed etc): 'He was lying on his back, staring up at the sky.' 'I could lie here all day!' X I just wanted to lay down and have a rest. ./ I just wanted to lie down and have a rest. lay down = put something down: 'Just lay the books down on the floor.' lie down = put your body into a horizontal position, especially on a bed: 'I think I'll go and lie down for half an hour.' X Ali asked us if we would lead him to the theatre one night. ./ Ali asked us if we would take him to the theatre one night. X After breakfast I led my daughter to school as usual. ./ After breakfast I took my daughter to school as usual. See Language Note at TAKE X In the museum I learned Balinese culture . ./ In the museum I learned about Balinese culture. learn a foreign language: 'How long have you been learning Italian?' learn about a subject: 'Today we've been learning about the functions of the human brain.' See KNOWLEDGE 2 X I leave from Bilbao on 12th June . ./ I leave Bilbao on 12th June. X I left from the shop without buying anything . ./ I left the shop without buying anything. leave somewhere (usually WITHOUT from): 'If I leave the office at six, I'm home by ten to seven.' Use leave from only when you want to refer to the place where a journey, trip, excursion ete begins: 'The coach will be leaving from in front of the hotel at six o'clock sharp.' 2 X Ken's aunt left to New York on 17th April. ./ Ken's aunt left for New York on 17th April. leave (somewhere) for somewhere else (NOT to): 'She'll be leaving for London on the nine o'clock train.' 3 X Every woman is entitled to a maternity leave . ./ Every woman is entitled to maternity leave. leave (= a number of days, weeks or months when someone does not have to do their usual job) is usually an uncountable noun: 'Government Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. lessen 197 officers get six weeks' annual leave.' 'First she was on sick leave, then she took study leave, and now she's applied for maternity leave!' lend 1 )( Could I lend your pen just for a minute? .I Could I borrow your pen just for a minute? See note at BORROW 2 )( To lend a car, you have to have a driving licence . .I To hire/rent a car, you have to have a driving licence. )( We usually lend a villa so that we can cook for ourselves . .I We usually rent a villa so that we can cook for ourselves. See note at HIRE length 1 ? The length of the tunnel is about two miles. .I The tunnel is about two miles long . When you mention how long something is, a phrase ending with long usually sounds more natural than the length is, especially in informal styles: 'The garden is almost seventy feet long.' 2 ? The length of the film is one and a half hours. .I The film lasts one and half hours . last = take (a stated length of time) from start to finish: 'Each lesson lasts fifty minutes.' 'This afternoon's exciting match on centre court lasted exactly two hours and twelve minutes.' lengthen x The question is whether doctors should lengthen life when there is no hope of recovery . .I The question is whether doctors should prolong life when there is no hope of recovery. lengthen = make something longer; become longer: 'We can use the old curtains, but they'll have to be lengthened.' 'As evening fell, the shadows lengthened.' prolong = prevent a feeling, activity or life from ending: 'He asked her another question just to prolong the conversation.' less 1 )( Teachers today are less stricter than they used to be. .I Teachers today are less strict than they used to be . The comparative ending (-er) is NEVER used with less or more. 2 )( If there were less cars on the roads, there would be less accidents. .I If there were fewer cars on the roads, there would be fewer accidents. Use less with an uncountable noun and fewer with the plural form of a countable noun: 'Less traffic would mean fewer accidents.' Note that less is widely used in place of fewer in everyday conversation, but careful users regard this usage as non-standard. lessen )( Fortunately, my workload has been lessened. .I Fortunately, my workload has been reduced . )( The best solution is to lessen the amount of traffic entering the town . .I The best solution is to reduce the amount of traffic entering the town. Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. [...]... 'Oh no! I've lost my passport!' lot/lots 1 X ,/ ,/ She makes us do a lots of homework She makes us do a lot of homework She makes us do lots of homework a lot of (WITH a): 'I bet she's got a lot of money.' lots of (WITHOUT a): 'I bet she's got lots of money.' 2 X ,/ X ,/ Lot of people come here because it's near Morocco A lot of people come here because it's near Morocco Groceries here are lot cheaper... about the American way of life This busy type of life allows us no time to sit down and relax This busy lifestyle allows us no time to sit down and relax way of life = the way that a society, group or person chooses to live: 'I found the British way of life very strange at first.' 'The computer has transformed our whole way of life.' lifestyle = way of life, especially that of a particular person: 'As... one of the big luxurious hotels, but the small hotels are far more reasonable You could stay at one of the big luxury hotels, but the small hotels are far more reasonable Consumers are offered more and more luxurious goods Consumers are offered more and more luxury goods ./ )( / BREAKFAST To refer to a type or class of hotel, apartment, furniture, services etc, use luxury as a modifier: 'a luxury apartment... )( / These courses are taught in postgraduate level These courses are taught at postgraduate level The volume of the radio should be kept in a low level The volume of the radio should be kept at a low level at a particular level (NOT in) = having a particular degree of intensity, power, proficiency etc: 'Students at this level need individual tuition.' 'Talks are being held at the highest level.' Compare:... of a drawer That afternoon she was lucky and found the keys at the bottom of a drawer That afternoon she had a stroke of luck and found the keys at the bottom of a drawer be lucky, be in luck, (have) a stroke/bit of luck (NOT have luck): 'We're lucky the coach didn't go without us.' 'You're in luck, there are still a few tickets left.' 'I'm so pleased she got the job It's about time she had a bit of. .. purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this wate 200 lighted 5 x / It was one of the happiest days in my life It was one of the happiest days of my life superlative ('happies!') + noun + of your life (NOT in): 'She refers to her childhood as the most carefree time of her life.' Compare: 'One of the most important things in life is good health.' 6 X On Saturday / On Saturday nights there... change their way of living The local farmers will never change their way of life We have different languages, traditions and living styles We have different languages, traditions and life styles See note at loan )< / LIFE 2 The military government loaned millions of dollars from the world bank The military government borrowed millions of dollars from the world bank loan = (1) (noun) a sum of money that... the life in the army at all He didn't enjoy life in the army at all When life means 'the way of life that is connected with a particular type of situation, group or occupation', it is usually used without the: 'I found city life too stressful.' 'Life in New York is full of excitement.' 'What do you think of married life?' He was the most attractive man that I had met in my life He was the most attractive... a class at Level 3) 2 )( / People in developed countries have a higher level of living People in developed countries have a higher standard of living When you are talking about the quality of something, the usual word is standard: 'All his work is of a very high standard.' 'Our company accepts only the highest standards of workmanship.' Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove... friends of mine get married like + sb/sth + doing/to do sth (NOT that clause): 'I don't like the of mine get married children staying/to stay out late.' like + it + when/if clause: 'I don't like it when the children stay out late.' 4 ? Everyone them to arrived late like they often do when you don't want / Everyone arrived late as they often do when you don't want them to Although the use of like . climates.' 2 X Imprisonment is not a good way of reducing this kind of crimes. ,/ Imprisonment is not a good way of reducing this kind of crime. ,/ Imprisonment. not a good way of reducing these kinds of crime/so kind/sort/type of + singular form: 'this kind of envelope' kinds/sorts/types of + singular