WRITING REPORT SUBJECT WORLD CIVILIZATION HISTORY topic historical periods of chinese civilization

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM - - WRITING REPORT SUBJECT: WORLD CIVILIZATION HISTORY Topic: Historical Periods of Chinese Civilization Group Pham Phuong Anh Nguyen Quynh Chi Pham Thuy Duyen Le Thanh Ha To Thuy Lan Pham Quynh Mai Nguyen Thi Anh Minh Tran Trang Nhung HÀ NỘI – 2019 TASK ALLOCATION AND EVALUATION Member Tasks assigned Evaluation Grade Pham Phuong Anh Ming + Qing Dynasty Meet Deadline 9.5 Nguyen Quynh Chi Xia + Shang Dynasty Meet Deadline 9.5 Pham Thuy Duyen - Three Kingdoms + Jin Dynasty - Aggregate Report from Xia to Jin Dynasty Meet Deadline 10 Le Thanh Ha (Leader) - Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms - Making powerpoint Meet Deadline 10 To Thuy Lan - Tang + Northern and Southern Dynasties - Aggregate Report from North&South Dynasties to Qing Dynasty Meet Deadline 10 Pham Quynh Mai Zhou Dynasty Meet Deadline 9.5 Nguyen Thi Anh Minh Song + Yuan Dynasty Meet Deadline 9.5 Tran Trang Nhung Qin + Han Dynasty Meet Deadline 9.5 TABLE OF CONTENTS A ANCIENT TIMES I XIA DYNASTY II SHANG DYNASTY III ZHOU DYNASTY B IMPERIAL TIMES 13 I QIN DYNASTY .13 II HAN DYNASTY 16 III THREE KINGDOMS 19 IV JIN DYNASTY 22 V NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN DYNASTY 24 VI TANG DYNASTY 30 VII FIVE DYNASTY & TEN KINGDOMS 35 VIII SONG DYNASTY 40 IX YUAN DYNASTY 45 X MING DYNASTY 50 XI QING DYNASTY .54 C REFERENCE 58 A Ancient Times I Xia Dynasty (2070 BC – 1600 BC) Period Xia Dynasty Capital Yangcheng; Zhenxun Government Monarchy Number of Monarchs 17 Establish 2070 B.C Collapse 1600 B.C The Xia dynasty is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography Xia dynasty was the first dynasty to open the period of slavery According to tradition, the Xia dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great then fell to Cheng Tang of Shang Dynasty Administrative Geography: divided kingdom into continents to rule Political institution: The national structure of the Xia Dynasty originates directly from the structure of tribal alliances, characterized by: The area of direct governmental control was limited to the clans only With those outside the limit, other tribal leaders were able to gain independent dominance over their territory Regarding management regime, there are two major natures: autocratic and democratic, showing that the national regime began to transit from the democratic clanship regime towards the monarchy In terms of bureaucracy, Xia dynasty set up the chain of big and small officials Each official had a unique role to play in the system For examples, “lục nhân” would manage national affairs, “quan bách” is downgrade officer of “lục nhân”, “mục chính” is manager of grazing Military: Infantry were major components of Xia’s military, there was no cavalry at that time, the weapons were rudimentary There was also no specialized military, Xia soldiers are peasants In peacetime they participated in agricultural and pastoral activities as usual, during the war, they turned into military forces Economic: Regarding Agriculture, Xia Dynasty focus on controling floods to improve producivity "Luận ngữ-Thái bá" has mentioned: “Yu improved on his father's flood-controlling method, dredging the river, uniting tribal people, and finally overcoming the flood.” As for Handicraft, bronze casting and pottery making played an important role in this period: pottery, lacquerware, jade, turquoise and bronze were used The Xia Dynasty succeeded in bringing Chinese civilization from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age In Commercial transactions, Xia people used seashells as currency but sometimes foods and cattle were directly traded Culture Artistic products are classified according to social class Items used by the ordinary people had pragmatic shaping and simple decorative patterns related to agricultural production, such as cattle, fish, etc Whereas those of nobles had much more diverse shapes and the decorative patterns were also more elaborate with complex cloud shape, the eyes, the snake, animal faces, or other subjects likely related to the devil Xia people possessed knowledge about calendar astronomy In Xia dynasty calendar, there were simple records about climate and weather of months, which was helpful in agriculture The custom of sacrificing people was found in Te Gia culture, in which the wife was often buried with her husband and later developed into burying servants, claiming that the soul of them can serve their master in the afterworld Furthermore, Xia people believed that sacrifice people could satisfy heaven and the gods for favorable weather for the harvest season The fall of the dynasty Xia Jie was a lotus-eater, he didn't pay any attention to the civilian Therefore, Cheng Tang received the support to overthrow Xia Jie causing the Xia dynasty to collapse II Shang Dynasty (1600 BC – 1046 BC) Period Shang Dynasty Capital Bo, Xiao, Xiang, Xing, Bi, Yan (Early Shang Dynasty) Yin (Late Shang Dynasty) Government Monarchy Number of Monarchs 30 Establish 1600 B.C Collapse 1046 B.C The Shang dynasty was the second dynasty of China, succeeding in the semi-mythical Xia dynasty This was the earliest dynasty of traditional Chinese history firmly supported by archaeological evidence and the first dynasty to open a regime in the form of decentralized feudalism This dynasty had 30 monarchs from Cheng Thang King to Zhou king Political Institution Decentralized feudalism: the king will have direct responsibility for the large vassals, and the large vassals will again have direct responsibility for the small vassals The vassals must comply with the obligation to pay taxes, pay tribute and others as prescribed The Shang dynasty also divided the territory into parts: internal and external region The internal region was territory around the capital, directly controlled by the central government The external region was the territory in which the dynasty established control through war In the external region, the dynasty set up military bases, sent a large number of officials Military The Shang dynasty built the country by invading other territories and tribes They were known for their large and forceful army The army fought in massed formations under their Shang King and over time, the Shang dynasty had developed and built an army that enemies would be fearful of Moreover, in this period, ancient Shang people started to rear the horse to make horse-drawn chariot in military, they also used a lot of bronze to make new and more powerful weapons as well as more protective armor Society There were classes in Shang society: High class, middle class, peasants and slaver High class: The aristocracy were the most respected and they were in charge of governing small areas of the dynasty Aristocrats and the King are centered around Anyang, which is the Shang capital Right below the aristocracy in the hierarchy was the Shang military, who were respected and honored for their skills There are two groups of the military: infantry and chariot warriors The middle class were artisans and craftsmen Their largest contribution was their work with bronze Artisans that were skilled in bronze were highly valued Peasants were at the very bottom of the social ladder since they were the poorest of the Chinese citizens They were limited to farming and selling crops for profit Peasants were governed directly by local aristocrats They did not own the land they farmed Their land was under control of the king or nobles Farmers could only keep enough food to feed themselves and their families At the bottom of the Shang society were slaves Many slaves were prisoners of war They spent most of their lives building tombs and palaces.When their masters passed on, the slaves were sometimes sacrificed They were sacrificed because it was believed that slaves should continue to serve their masters in the afterlife Economic Regarding Currency, similar to Xia Dynasty, Shang people also used cowrie shells as currency Many Shang writings on bronze refer to cowrie shells as a form of money As for Commercial transactions, the Shang were in the business of trading goods, they had trade routes - a network of passages used for trading goods and services - that extended far and wide They trade a diversity of goods as salt, copper, and tins Some of the goods were imported from other countries When it comes to Handicraft, the Shang Dynasty was an advanced civilization for its time with sophisticated bronze works, ceramics and trinkets made from jade Unlike their Bronze Age counterparts, Shang Dynasty artisans used piece-mold casting as opposed to the lost-wax method Furthermore, many farmers also knew how to cultivate the silkworm and weave its thread into beautiful cloth that would be used for clothing Silk later became China’s main export Agriculture was the basis of the Shang economy and most of the people were farmers Their main income came from farming, some farmers also raised sheep, cattle, pigs, and other livestock Shang people dug the canals to supply water to irrigation At the period, they did know to brew beer from millet Culture In Shang's first 13 reigns, the regime was the matriarchy, and later was the patriarchy for the last reigns Regarding religion, it was Polytheism since Shang people worship many gods: the god of the river, mountains, rain, wind, thunder especially the god of reproduction They believed that when they sacrificed animals and humans for the gods, the gods would meet their desire for the weather, heaven Also, within Shang culture, the king functioned as a priest It was believed that ancestors communicated through the god Di, and the Shang king led in the worship of Shangdi, considered the supreme ancestor, as well as communicating with the other ancestors Around 1300 BC the first known scripts appeared in the Shang civilization - they developed scripts with more than three thousand characters, partly pictograms and partly pictograms (phonetic - phonetic) This type of writing is shown on the flat bones of cattle or deer bones, on shells and tortoise shells and perhaps even on wood And the Shang people used them to predict the future about the weather, crop, flood The falls of dynasty Zhou King was a tyrannical, cruel king, who only indulged in beauty (Daji) and did not pay any attention to the civilian, therefore caused mistrust of the vassals After that, Zhou clan - Ji Fa took the opportunity to gather vassals to overthrow Shang and the Shang collapsed III Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC – 256 BC) Period Zhou Dynasty Capital Fenghao (1046–771 BC) Wangcheng (771–510 BC; 314–256 BC) Chengzhou (510–314 BC) Government Monarchy Number of Monarchs 38 Establish 1046 BC Collapse 256 BC The Zhou dynasty (Chinese: ) was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history (790 years) The military control of China by the royal house, surnamed Ji, lasted initially from 1046 until 771 BC for a period known as the Western Zhou and the political sphere of influence it created continued well into Eastern Zhou for another 500 years Western Zhou After King Wu's early death left a young and inexperienced heir, the Duke of Zhou assisted his nephew, King Cheng, in consolidating royal power To maintain Zhou authority over its greatly expanded territory and prevent other revolts, he set up the fengjian system Furthermore, he countered Zhou's crisis of legitimacy by expounding the doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven  Mandate of Heaven: According to the theorem of the Mandate of Heaven, the king had obtained power on the grounds of the "virtue" of the dynastic founders King Wen and Wu, who again were granted the right to rule by Heaven The ancestral cult of the Zhou ensured the continuance of the founding king's lives, which means that the later kings King Cheng, Kang, and so on, were just agents on behalf of King Wen and Wu 10 IX Yuan Dynasty Period Song Dynasty Capital Khanbaliq (Beijing) Shangdu (Xanadu - summer capital) Government Monarchy Number of Monarchs Establish Collapse 18 1206 AD 1368 AD General The Yuan Dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan and was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China The forerunner of the Yuan Dynasty was the Mongol Empire founded in 1206 by Genghis Khan – Kublai Khan’s grandfather The forerunner of the Yuan Dynasty was the Mongol Empire founded in 1206 by Genghis Khan – Kublai Khan’s grandfather Kublai Khan also claimed the title of Great Khan; the Yuan was also referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266 In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the Mandate of Heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty The name of the dynasty originated from the I Ching and describes the “origin of the universe” or a “primal force.” Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the “Great Capital” or Daidu of the dynasty Administration and politics The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native Tang, Song The government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat to manage civil affairs, the Privy Council to manage military affairs, and the Censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection 46 While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the Privy Council to manage military affairs, and the Censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection The royal succession was different – choosing to implement the nomination regime through the Khuruldai congress, elected by the royal family One big change during Kublai's reign was that foreigners became the rulers and administrators Since they didn't trust the local people, they moved in a large number of Muslims and other people to help them rule the empire Due to this privilege of the government towards Mongol, Chinese people could not hold high positions in this dynasty’s governing regime Military Yuan Cavalry were mainly Mongols while infantry were mainly Chinese For his own bodyguards Kublai retained the use of the traditional Mongol Keshig Kublai created a new Imperial guard force, the suwei, of which half were Chinese and the other half ethnically mixed By the 1300s even the Keshig were flooded with Chinese recruits The suwei were divided into wei or guards, each recruited from a particular ethnicity Most wei were Chinese, while a few were Mongols, Koreans, Tungusic peoples, and Central Asians/Middle Easterners including Kipchaks, Alans and even one unit of Russians The Keshig was converted into an administrative organization instead Among all types of troops, most belonged to cavalry units or infantry units Smaller units were specializing in artillery, crossbow archery or in engineering The artillery units consisted of Uyghurs or other Central Asians who were experts in metalwork The Yuan army launched a war to invade Japan twice, in 1247 and 1281 but failed The diplomatic relations between two countries could not be established They also attempted to conquer Dai Viet (An Nam) but also failed 47 Economy Agriculture was the major economy of the Yuan Dynasty Although the Mongolian people were a nomadic people who originally lived on the grassland for generations, Kublai Khan focused much attention on agricultural production after the founding of the Yuan Dynasty The following emperors also advocated replacing the traditional animal husbandry with agriculture As a result, no matter in the production technique, the farming area or the food output, the Yuan Dynasty surpassed the previous dynasties The most prosperous handicraft industry in the Yuan Dynasty was the textile industry As the cotton planting became more and more popular in the southern areas of China, the development of the textile industry was greatly stimulated and reached a fairly advanced level More ports in the coastal areas were opened for goods transport; foreign goods were welcomed to enter the domestic market Under this policy, a great amount of spices and medical materials were imported from Arabia, Persia and India while China's silk and porcelain in large numbers were exported to Europe Printing technology thrived in Yuan Dynasty, one of whose greatest achievement was the paper money made from the bark of mulberry trees The Yuan government first used woodblocks to print paper money but switched to bronze plates in 1275 The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan issued paper money backed by silver, and again banknotes supplemented by cash and copper cash The standardization of paper currency allowed the Yuan court to monetize taxes and reduce carrying costs of taxes in goods Diplomacy Kublai was an ambitious leader who used Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops to invade Japan on two separate occasions, yet both campaigns were ultimately failures Contact with the outside world, the first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back date from this time In 1266, Marco Polo came to China and met with Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan Later, Kublai Khan dispatched envoys to follow Marco Polo back to Italy to deliver a letter to the Pope In 1275, Marco Polo returned to Yuan's capital in response to Emperor Shizu's letter Following Marco Polo, increasingly more and more European visitors came to China, and conversely more Chinese traveled to Europe 48 Society The population was divided into four classes: Mongols; Semu (consisting of nonMongol foreigners from the west and Central Asia, like Buddhist Uyghurs from Turfan, Tanguts, Tibetans, Jews, Nestorian Christians, and Muslims from Central Asia); "Han" (or all subjects of the former Jin dynasty, including Hans, Khitans, Jurchens in northern China, and other peoples like Koreans…); Southerners (or all subjects of the former Southern Song dynasty, including Hans and minority native ethnic groups in southern China, sometimes called "Manzi" during the Yuan) The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of Muslims in China The Mongols had their own religious belief called Shamanism However, this religion did not spread Instead, both the Mongols and some indigenous people started accepting Islam Some of the western Mongol domains converted to Islam, as did many Mongols in Central Asia and China But the dynasty never converted to Islam, instead, Kublai Khan favored Buddhism and the top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs was set up to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire At the same time, Confucianism was prevented, Confucian examinations were abolished A unified script for spelling Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty The Yuan also put a lot of effort in developing Chinese cultures, while combining it with Western Asian cultures The Fall of Yuan Dynasty The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace In time, Kublai Khan’s successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, as the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese Gradually, they lost influence in China as well The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural and the government’s lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support In 49 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghun Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal This resulted in Toghun Temür’s restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other He had no choice but to rely on local warlords’ military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles, all of which led to the official end of the Yuan dynasty in China After trying to regain Khanbaliq, an effort that failed, he died in Yingchang (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) in 1370 Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death Some Yuan royal family members still live in Henan today 50 X Ming Dynasty Period Capital Government Number of Monarchs Establish Collapse Ming Dynasty Nanjing, Beijing Absolute Monarchy 16 1368 1644 Founding of Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China founded by the peasant rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang In 1352 A.D Taizu joined a rebel group called Red Turbans and rose up the ranks speedily With several years of effort, Zhu Yuanzhang became the leader of a strong army In 1358, Zhu led a successful invasion on the city of Nanjing, which he used as a base to lash out at regional warlords He made Nanjing his capital Over the next 10 years, he defeated all other powerful rival armies In 1368, he attacked the Yuan empire capital of Dadu (Beijing), destroyed the palaces, gained control of Beijing, announced the Ming Dynasty Administration and politics Ming emperors took over the provincial administration system of the Yuan dynasty, and the thirteen Ming provinces are the precursors of the modern provinces The lowest unit was the county, overseen by a magistrate Besides the provinces, there were also two large areas that belonged to no province, but were metropolitan areas attached to Nanjing and Beijing Copied on the Yuan model, the Ming provincial bureaucracy contained three commissions: one civil, one military, and one for surveillance Ming emperors maintained absolute monarchy institution Departing from the main central administrative system generally known as the Three Departments and Six Ministries system, which was instituted by various dynasties since, the Ming administration had only one Department, the Secretariat, that controlled the Six Ministries Following the execution of the Chancellor Hu Weiyong in 1380, the Hongwu Emperor abolished the Secretariat, the Censorate, and the Chief Military Commission and personally took charge of the Six Ministries and the regional Five Military Commissions Thus a whole level of administration was cut out and only partially rebuilt by subsequent rulers 51 Military Soldiers were grouped into guards and battalions, known as the wei-suo system There were many advances and new designs in gunpowder weapons during the beginning of the dynasty, but by the mid to late Ming the Chinese began to frequently employ European-style artillery and firearms Many types of cutting-edge gunpowder weaponry were featured, including hollow, gunpowder-filled exploding cannonballs, land mines, pins, and steel wheellock that supported the army Economy The economy of the Ming dynasty of China was the largest in the world during that period The early Ming dynasty attempted to use paper currency, with outflows of bullion limited by its ban on private foreign commerce but paper currency experienced massive counterfeiting and hyperinflation The state invested extensively in agricultural canals and reduced taxes on agriculture Ming farmers also introduced many innovations such as water-powered plows, and new agricultural methods such as crop rotation This led to a massive agricultural surplus that became the basis of a market economy Hongwu Emperor initiated extensive land reform, including the distribution of land to peasants and prevention landlords from seizing the land Trade during the Ming dynasty began slowly, with severe restrictions, especially toward Japan, but later expanded to markets around the world From 1405 to 1433, Yongle Emperor launched ambitious flotillas to expand the Chinese tribute system to other countries, sending ships to India, the Persian Gulf and the east coast of Africa, predating European efforts of similar scope By 1557, the tribute system was replaced by maritime trade which saw China exporting silk and allowing a European presence in the empire This was a time of expansion of cuisine, as food like sweet potatoes and peanuts entered China for the first time The period also brought about significant emigration outside of the empire for the merchant class Diplomacy Over time the Chinese government developed a mechanism known as the “tribute system” to deal with the outside world Under this system a tribute state accepted its vassal status to the Chinese and was required to exchange envoys and gifts, monitor foreign trade, and handle diplomatic relations Foreign trade, especially with Japan, was 52 strictly banned Individuals wanting to trade to China needed to follow the tribute system, resulting in trade being executed in secret, turning into smuggling trade Upon their arrival in the early 16th century, the Portuguese traded with the Chinese at Tamão, despite some hostilities exchanged between both sides The Chinese also traded avidly with the Spanish, sending numerous trade ships annually to the Philippines in order to sell them Chinese goods in exchange for mita-mined silver from the New World colonies of Spain Meanwhile, the Chinese under the Wanli Emperor became engaged in a somewhat costly war defending Korea against Japan and also content with Korean for the control of Jurchen people Society and culture a Society The dominant religious beliefs during the Ming dynasty were the various forms of Chinese folk religion and the Three Teachings – Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism The advent of the Ming was initially devastating to Christianity: in his first year, the Hongwu Emperor declared the eighty-year-old Franciscan missions among the Yuan heterodox and illegal The Yuan-supported Tibetan lamas fell from favor, and the early Ming emperors particularly favored Taoism, granting its practitioners many positions in the state's ritual offices The prolific Prince of Ning Zhu Quan even composed one encyclopedia attacking Buddhism as a foreign "mourning cult", deleterious to the state, and another encyclopedia that subsequently joined the Taoist canon b Culture Literature, painting, poetry and music flourished during the Ming dynasty, especially in the economically prosperous lower Yangzi valley An encyclopedia was commissioned by the Yongle Emperor It was not only the largest written encyclopedia but was also one of the first The most remarkable literary development during the Ming era was the vernacular novel Journey to the West, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, was published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty 53 There were many new developments in ceramics, along with the continuation of established traditions Blue and white porcelain of the Jiangzi Province factory town of Jingdezhen became popular worldwide The painting techniques that were invented and developed before the Ming period New painting skills and techniques were innovated and developed; calligraphy was much more closely and perfectly combined with the art of painting Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing and constructed the Forbidden City as the Chinese imperial palace A complex of 980 buildings and covering 72 served as the home of Chinese emperors, the ceremonial and political center of their government, for almost 500 years Falling of Ming dynasty The dynasty continued to develop until early half of the 17th century, the Manchus led by Nurhaci started a rebellion against the Ming In 1618, Nurhaci commissioned a document titled the Seven Grievances, which enumerated resentments against the Ming and bespoke rebellion against their domination Nurhaci’s demand that the Ming pay tribute to him to redress the Seven Grievances was effectively a declaration of war, as the Ming were not willing to pay money to a former tributary Shortly afterwards, Nurhaci began to force the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria At the same time, the Ming dynasty was fighting for its survival against fiscal turmoil and peasant rebellions In 1640, masses of Chinese peasants who were starving, unable to pay their taxes, and no longer in fear of the frequently defeated Chinese army, began to form into huge bands of rebels In 1644, Beijing fell to a rebel army led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt and then proclaimed the Shun dynasty The last Ming emperor, the Chongzhen Emperor, hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City After that, Li Zicheng was defeated at the Battle of Shanhai Pass by the joint forces of Wu Sangui and the Manchus On June 6, the Manchus entered the capital and established the Qing dynasty 54 XI Qing Dynasty Period Capital Government Number of Monarchs Establish Collapse Qing Dynasty Shenyang, Beijing Monarchy 11 1636 1912 Founding Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China It was established in 1636, and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1911 It was founded by the Jurchen What would become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe known as Aisin Gioro in Jianzhou in the early 17th century Nurhaci's successor was his son, who was named Hong Taiji He continued the attack on the Ming Empire His empire was called the Later Jin Dynasty at first, but in 1636, he renamed it the Great Qing Empire Hong Taiji died in 1643, and his son Fulin led the Manchus In 1644, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty had hanged himself after the Qing army occupied the capital Fulin became the Emperor Shunzhi, and he announced the new dynasty was founded Administration and politics There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolished in 1905 The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries), each headed by two presidents[e] and assisted by four vice presidents The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming formed the core of the Qing "Outer Court," which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City 55 Military The Qing dynasty, after overtaking China from the previous Ming dynasty, continued to expand the territories of its empire till it reached its greatest extent under the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735 – 1796), who carried out what are known as the Ten Great Campaigns The Qing dynasty at its largest extent ruled China proper, as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet The empire contained over 13 million square kilometers of territory, an area exceeded only by the Yuan dynasty Economy By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown In the following century, the reigns of emperors Kangxi and Qianlong was the richest period in the all Chinese feudal dynasties It is well-known in China as the "Kang-Qian flourishing age" Markets continued to expand but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets, and a greatly increased population After the re-opening of the southeast coast, which was closed in the late 17th century, foreign trade was quickly re-established and expanded at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century China continued to export tea, silk, and manufactures, creating a large, favorable trade balance with the West To give people more incentives to participate in the market, the tax burden was reduced in comparison with the late Ming By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty This rise is attributed to the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century Merchant guilds proliferated in all of the growing Chinese cities and often acquired great social and even political influence Rich merchants with official connections built up huge fortunes and patronized literature, theater, and the arts Society and culture a Society 56 In Qing society, women did not enjoy the same rights as men The Confucian moral system, which was built by and thus favored men, restrained their rights, and they were often seen as a type of "merchandise" that could be traded away by their family Catholic missionaries—mostly Jesuits—had arrived in the Ming dynasty By 1701 there were 117 Catholic missionaries, and at most 300,000 converts out of hundreds of millions There were many persecutions and reverses in the 18th century and by 1800 there was little help from the main supporters in France, Spain and Portugal By the 1840s China was again becoming a major destination for Protestant and Catholic missionaries from Europe and the United States b Culture Under the Qing, inherited forms of art flourished and innovations occurred at many levels and in many types High levels of literacy, a successful publishing industry, prosperous cities, and the Confucian emphasis on cultivation all fed a lively and creative set of cultural fields The Qing era's main literary accomplishments were extremely large encyclopedias and compendiums of literature comprised of hundreds of volumes and popular novels Gujin Tushu Jicheng also known as Imperial Encyclopedia, was written between 1700 and 1725, during the reigns of the Qing emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng In the middle of their dynastic era, when the empire was at its height, one of the four great classic novels was written called Dream of the Red Chamber The most prominent development in fine arts during the Qing era was the Jingxi or Peking opera, which combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance and acrobatics The Peking opera was first performed in late 18th century during the reign of Qianlong Emperor Jingxi was extremely popular in the Qing dynasty court and has since been regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China Peking opera and its stylistic devices have appeared in many Chinese films Porcelain was produced in large quantities during the Qing era due to its popularity in Europe Qing porcelain displays a high technical mastery with almost no marks from the potter’s hands China’s famed blue and white porcelain reached the height of its technical excellence during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of Qing Falling of Qing dynasty 57 The dynasty reached its greatest in the late 18th century, then gradually declined in the face of challenges from abroad, internal revolts, population growth, disruption of the economy, corruption, and the reluctance of ruling elites to change their mindsets The Manchu armies deteriorated, as well as the dynasty had to deal with many rebellions and war such as rebellions of Taiping in the south and Nian in the north, Opium war, AngloFrench war, Sino-Japanese war and Boxer rebellion By 1900 revolutionary groups began to form throughout the country Consequently, the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911, overthrown by a revolution brewing since 1894, when western-educated revolutionary Sun Zhongshan formed the Revive China Society in Hawaii, then Hong Kong In 1905, Sun united various revolutionary factions into one party with Japanese help and wrote the manifesto, the Three Principles of the People In 1911, the Nationalist Party of China held an uprising in Wuchang, helped by Qing soldiers, and 15 provinces declared their independence from the empire Within weeks the Qing court agreed to the creation of a republic with its top general, Yuan Shikai, as president Xuantong abdicated in 1912, with Sun creating a provisional constitution for the new country, which ushered in years of political unrest centered around Yuan In 1917, there was a brief attempt to reinstate the Qing government, with Xuantong being restored for less than two weeks during a military coup that ultimately failed 58 C REFERENCE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Gu_wine_vessel_from_the_Shang _Dynasty.jpg https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/shangdynasty-china/a/shang-dynasty-article https://study.com/academy/lesson/shang-dynasty-economy-agriculture.html http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Myth/shang-econ.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26EivpCPHnQ 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https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/china-history/the-yuan-dynasty.htm https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/a-brief-history-of-china-yuan-dynasty/ https://www.ancient.eu/Yuan_Dynasty/ https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Nguy%C3%AAn https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdo ms#Later_Liang_(907–923) https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C5%A9_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Th%E1%BA %ADp_Qu%E1%BB%91c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5y1cp3c20fY https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-china/tang-dynasty https://www.ancient.eu/Tang_Dynasty/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tang-dynasty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty 60 ... Chancellery Ministry of Personnel Ministry of Department of State Affairs Ministry of Rites Ministry of War Secretariat Ministry of Ministry of Works b Military The 7th and first half of the 8th century... crisis of legitimacy by expounding the doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven  Mandate of Heaven: According to the theorem of the Mandate of Heaven, the king had obtained power on the grounds of the... usurpation of Wei by the Jin dynasty (266), and the conquest of Wu by the Jin (280) Although relatively short, the Three Kingdoms period is one of the bloodiest in Chinese history Founding of Three