Headway 3 academic skills read

Headway Academic Skills Reading, Writing, and Study Skills Level Student’s Book Sarah Philpot and Lesley Curnick Series Editors: Liz and John Soars 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 15/05/2011 16:55 CONTENTS Education and learning Innovations in health and medicine Urban planning Water, food, and energy Free trade and fair trade Conserving the past Wonders of the modern world Olympic business Trends 10 Communication and technology reading  Good study habits   p 4–5 Effective reading: (1): survey; skim; scan  (2): intensive reading Education in the UK   p Effective reading: (3): increasing your reading speed; focusing your reading LANGUAGE FOR writing  p Comparing and contrasting reading  A musical cure   p 12–13 Predicting content Topic sentences A new vaccine   p 14 Avoiding plagiarism (1): rephrasing LANGUAGE FOR writinG  p 15 Rephrasing Rules: the passive voice reading  A model of good urban planning   p 20–21 Paragraph purpose: how understanding the purpose of a paragraph helps you understand a text Text cohesion: linking strategies between paragraphs A capital city   p 22 research  Finding information   p23 Using reference material: using synonyms or more general words to find what you need Searching the Internet efficiently (1): choosing an appropriate site (2): planning your search reading  Water, water, everywhere   p 28–29 Finding information from more than one source Food chains   p 30 Identifying language for rephrasing and giving examples: using discourse markers or signals to help you understand a text LANGUAGE FOR writinG  p 31 Introductions and conclusions Rephrasing and giving examples reading  Globalization  p 36–37 Distinguishing between facts, speculation, and reported opinions: expressing generalizations, caution, certainty and uncertainty, and reporting another person’s opinion Is ‘fair trade’ fair?   p 38 Identifying a point of view LANGUAGE FOR writinG  p 39 Expressing certainty and uncertainty Expressing caution reading  The Terracotta Army   p 44–46 Dealing with longer texts (1): survey; question; read (2): recall; review LANGUAGE FOR writinG  p 47–48 Indicating reason or result Rules: reason or result Adding information reading  Feats of engineering   p 52–53 How to make reading easier (1): dealing with unknown words (2): dealing with complex sentences Islands in the sun   p 54 How to make reading easier (3): understanding pronouns vocabulary development  Word-building (1)  p55 Suffixes: how word endings change the part of speech and meaning of a word reading  The Olympic Games   p 60–61 Making notes: different methods of recording what you read Two Olympic bids   p 62 research  Crediting sources (2)   p63 Avoiding plagiarism (3): acknowledging direct and indirect quotations Avoiding plagiarism (4): punctuation of direct and indirect quotations reading  Work  p 68– 69 Understanding visual information: graphics Trends in education   p 70 Interpreting data: looking for general patterns and then detail LANGUAGE FOR writinG  p 71–72 Language for describing graphs, charts, and statistics reading  Communication technology   p 76–78 Dealing with longer texts (3): predict, skim, and select Dealing with longer texts (4): read, make notes, check, and recall LANGUAGE FOR SPEAKinG  p 79 Language for presentations 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 15/05/2011 16:55 writing  Education in Japan and England: a comparison   p 8–9 Checking your writing (1): sentence length; word order and linking words; missing words Writing a comparing and contrasting essay vocabulary development  Dictionary work  p10 Using a dictionary (1): symbols and abbreviations (2): correct usage of new words REVIEW  p11 Checking your writing (2): punctuation, spelling, and grammar writing  Keeping healthy   p 16–17 Developing a paragraph: topic sentences; body sentences; final sentences Writing a paragraph vocabulary development  Recording vocabulary  p18 Recording vocabulary (1): which words to record (2): what to record about a word (3): choosing a suitable method to record vocabulary REVIEW p19 writing  An international trade fair   p 24–25 Selecting information: identifying the purpose and key message of your writing Prioritizing: putting the information in order Brainstorming: before writing – writing notes, then organizing, selecting, and prioritizing your ideas Writing a persuasive article vocabulary development  Collocations (1)  p26 Collocations (1): words that go together – adjective + noun; verb + noun REVIEW p27 writing  Sources of energy   p 32–33 Introductions Developing a thesis statement Conclusions Checking your writing (3): paragraph content Writing to describe and explain vocabulary development  Compound nouns and adjectives  p34 Compound nouns Compound adjectives REVIEW p35 writing  Examples of fair trade   p 40 Supporting a point of view: the main point in a topic sentence, giving supporting arguments, and giving examples Consumerism  p 40–41 Presenting arguments (1) Consistency: organizing your argument by topic or viewpoint (2) Staging: words and phrases for staging arguments Writing an opinion essay vocabulary development  Multiple meanings  p42 Using a dictionary (3): words with more than one meaning, pronunciation, or part of speech REVIEW p43 writing  Museums  p 48–49 Checking your writing (4): looking at purpose, content, and organization of an essay Writing an evaluation essay vocabulary development  Collocations (2)  p50 Collocations (2): Words that go together – verb + adverb; adverb + adjective REVIEW p51 research  Crediting sources (1)   p 56 Avoiding plagiarism (2): Acknowledging sources writing  Tunnels and buildings   p 57–58 Summarizing: identifying, organizing, and rewriting ideas Writing a summary REVIEW p59 vocabulary development  Synonyms and antonyms  p66 Synonyms and near synonyms: choosing different synonyms for different contexts Antonyms: choosing different antonyms for different contexts REVIEW p67 writing  Population trends   p 72–73 Using graphs to present data Writing a report using visual information vocabulary development  Word-building (2)  p74 Prefixes: recognizing prefixes which carry meaning REVIEW p75 Composite words writing for speaking  Interpreting and translating   p 80–81 How to be a good presenter Preparing notes for a presentation Giving a presentation vocabulary development  Formal and informal vocabulary  p82 Formal and informal vocabulary: using formal and informal vocabulary appropriately REVIEW p83 LANGUAGE FOR writinG  p 56 Verbs for reporting another writer’s ideas Rules: reporting verbs LANGUAGE FOR writinG  p 64 Expressing contrasting Rules: contrast writing  A permanent site for the Olympics   p 65 Process writing: the stages of essay writing Writing a discursive essay WORD LIST  p84 PHONETIC SYMBOLS  p94 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 15/05/2011 16:55 Education and learning Reading SKILLS  Effective reading (1), (2), and (3) Language For writing  Comparing and contrasting WRITING SKILLS  Checking your writing (1)  •  Writing a comparing and contrasting essay Vocabulary DEVELOPMENT  Using a dictionary (1) and (2) READING  Good study habits Discuss the questions with a partner What was your favourite and least favourite subject at school? Why? When you find it best to study? Why? Look at Texts A and B on page and answer the questions Which text is a quiz? Which text looks more serious? Which text is about studying effectively? Look at the texts again Answer the questions Text A: 1  2  3  Text B: 1  2  3  How many questions are there? How many answers are there for each question? What does the second part of the text tell you? How many parts are there? Is there an introduction? Is there a conclusion? 4 Read Text B quickly Answer the questions Which is better: a planned target or a vague commitment? What two rewards are mentioned? What two reasons are given for delaying starting work? What is a more effective way of revising? What different ways did you read the texts to answer the questions in … exercise 2?  2  exercise 3?  3  exercise 4?    Read STUDY SKILL  Study Skill  Effective reading (1) Choose what to read, and how to read it to become an effective reader Survey the material to decide whether it is useful: Look at the title, headings, pictures, or graphs Look at the style of the text and where it has come from Skim the text to see how the information is organized and to get a general idea: Read the title and any headings Read the first sentence of a few paragraphs Scan the text to find specific pieces of information: Use what you learnt from surveying and skimming the text to locate the information you need Move quickly through the text Do not read every word Stop when you come to the information you want Complete the quiz and then answer these questions What is your learning style?   2  Do you agree with your result? Why (not)? Look at the words in the table from Text B Write the part of speech Match the words with their meanings word part of speech a crucial adjective b effective c vague d incentive e alert f put off g daunting h worthwhile i retrieve j cram meaning producing a successful result awake/able to concentrate find (information) again frightening or worrying something that encourages you study hard in a short time extremely important delay doing something not clear or definite 10 useful Unit 1    Education and learning 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 15/05/2011 16:55 A  What is your learning style? Answer the questions in our quick quiz to find out how you learn best! Do you think you learn better by A reading?   B  listening to lectures? 2 How you prefer to learn from lectures? A  I like to make notes during the lecture.    B  I like to record the lecture and listen again 3 When the teacher uses a new word, you want to see it written A immediately?   B later? 4 If you need to memorize something, e.g a formula, a quotation, or a poem, you A  write it out several times? B repeat it aloud to yourself and/or other people? 5 When you record new vocabulary, you record the pronunciation? A Hardly ever   B Usually 6 Do you ever read aloud to yourself (in your own language or in English)? A Rarely   B Sometimes Results Mostly As If you scored mostly As, you are a more visual learner You prefer to see the written word You learn by reading and writing Visual learners often think in pictures If you find a particular task or text difficult, look for sources that will suit your learning style, e.g sources with illustrations, charts, tables, or videos Mostly Bs If you scored mostly Bs, you are probably a more auditory learner You prefer to learn by listening and speaking Auditory learners often learn best from lectures, discussions, by reading aloud, and by listening to audio material Mixture As and Bs If you scored a mixture of As and Bs, like most people you probably learn through a mixture of styles Sometimes you may prefer to learn by reading, at other times by listening Ask yourself which is the best style for the particular task you are doing  B Becoming an effective student Learning how to study effectively is an essential skill for students in any discipline There are six areas which are crucial to developing good study habits Work on these and you will become an effective student Targets Always set a realistic work target Don’t try to too much For example, plan to read one chapter of a book each evening rather than think about reading the whole book over the weekend This kind of detailed, planned target is more effective than a vague commitment It is sometimes helpful to tell your friends about your plan This is a good incentive to keep you on target because they will know if you fail! Rewards Develop a system of small rewards for your work For example, stop for a cup of coffee or tea, or listen to a favourite piece of music after one hour’s study Rewarding yourself for keeping to your work plan will make you feel good about yourself Timing Make sure you choose a suitable time to study, i.e when it is quiet and when you are most alert Try to make this a regular, time-tabled part of your day If you plan to start work at a certain time, say 7pm, not find reasons to put off getting started You can watch a DVD later, and your emails are not urgent! Quantity A large task such as researching a new topic for an essay can be daunting – so daunting, in fact, that it can be difficult to sit down and make a start Break the larger task down into several smaller ones For example, make a list of questions that you will have to deal with in your essay, and then approach each question separately This makes the work more manageable Notes and learning styles The books you are studying won’t always present information in a way that suits your learning style It is, therefore, worthwhile spending time making notes and organizing them in a way that suits you best It is also a good idea to keep your notebooks neat and well organized This will make it much easier to retrieve information later Revision Don’t leave revision until the last moment When you set your study targets, allow regular revision time This is much more effective than trying to cram before an exam (280 words)   Read STUDY SKILL  Read Text B again Write answers to the questions How does the writer think you can develop good study habits? Why is it a good idea to tell other people about your work plans? Why does the writer believe it is useful to reward yourself? What makes one time to study better than another? How can a large or complicated piece of work be made easier? What is the main benefit of keeping good class or lecture notes? How does the writer suggest you could improve your revision? In your own studies, in which of the six areas in the article could you improve? How? Compare your answers with a partner (395 words) Study Skill  Effective reading (2) You will often need to understand the details in a text This is intensive reading To this effectively: Think about why you are reading, and what you need from the text Skim the text to get an overview Underline words and phrases which occur frequently and are important to know If a particular part of the text is more difficult, read it again, asking yourself questions about it Look up any words you need to understand in a dictionary Unit 1    Education and learning 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 5 15/05/2011 16:55 Education in the UK 10 Skim the text The UK education system Which paragraph … 11 describes the school year? gives an overview of education in the UK? describes secondary education from 11 to 16? describes primary education? describes secondary education from 16 to 18?   Read STUDY SKILL  the text Underline the content words in sentences 1–3 from Study Skill  Effective reading (3) You will have a large amount to read for your studies, so you need to be able to read quickly The first time you read a text intensively: Focus on content words (usually nouns, verbs, adjectives) It is easy to read this by looking at the content words Think about which parts of the text are relevant For further readings of the same text: Concentrate on parts of the text which are relevant Read in sense groups of two or more words Sense groups can be: subject + verb + object At the age of 16/most students take exams/in about ten different subjects phrases with a preposition At the age of 16/most students take exams/in about ten different subjects The school year runs from September to July and is usually divided into three terms of approximately 13 weeks each These schools are largely co-educational, that is, boys and girls attend together Most students go to large comprehensive schools which teach children of varying abilities 12 Use the content words to answer the questions on education Are the education systems in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland similar? education system/Republic of Ireland/different/Northern Ireland What schools some 9-year-olds go to? parts/England/children/leave/primary school/aged nine/go/middle school How many young people go on to further education? 60%/young people/go/further education The UK education system A By law in the UK, all children between and 16 years of age must receive a full-time education The vast majority, over 90%, of these children attend state schools The education systems in Wales, Northern Ireland, and England are similar, whereas the education system in Scotland differs in a number of ways This description will generally refer to the English state system B The school year runs from September to July and is usually divided into three terms of approximately 13 weeks each Students attend school from about 9.00 am to 3.30 pm, Monday to Friday, with a morning break and a break for lunch Some students eat lunch in the school cafeteria, but many bring food from home C Most children in England go to primary school from the age of to 11 These schools are largely co-educational, that is, boys and girls attend together All schools follow the National Curriculum The core, or main subjects, are English, mathematics, and science Other subjects include history, geography, physical education, music, and art In Wales, the Welsh language is a subject in Welsh-speaking schools In the same way, in Northern Ireland, the curriculum includes the Irish language in Irish-speaking schools D At the age of 11 students move to a secondary school Most students go to large comprehensive schools which teach children of varying abilities At the age of 16, most students take exams (GCSEs) in about ten different subjects At this point, just over 30% leave school and start other training or work E Students who remain in education can choose to continue at their school for up to two years, or go to a special college Wherever they study, students specialize in three or four subjects, and there are further exams at the age of 17 (AS Levels) and again at 18 (A Levels) Good results in these are required to go to university (315 words) 13 Divide the first paragraph from the text into sense groups Read the paragraph aloud to a partner Compare your paragraphs By law in the UK / all children between and 16 years of age / must receive a fulltime education / The vast majority, over 90%, of these children attend state schools The education systems in Wales, Northern Ireland, and England are similar, whereas the education system in Scotland differs in a number of ways This description will generally refer to the English state system 14 Which paragraphs in the text are relevant if you are only interested in … 1  primary education?  2  secondary education?   3  education in Scotland? andfree learning 666 Unit Hobbies and time Unit1 1     Education 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 15/05/2011 16:55 LANGUAGE FOR WRITING  Comparing and contrasting Look at the underlined expressions in the sentences from the text on page Do they show that things are similar or different? The education systems in Wales, Northern Ireland, and England are similar, whereas the education system in Scotland differs in a number of ways In Wales, the Welsh language is a subject in Welsh-speaking schools In the same way, in Northern Ireland, the curriculum includes the Irish language in Irish-speaking schools Underline other words and phrases in the sentences which show a similarity or a difference The school year in the UK runs from September to July In Australia, on the other hand, students go to school from late January to December Both Sweden and France have a compulsory national curriculum Japanese schools are different from schools in many other countries in that they usually have an entrance exam Malaysian schools have two terms a year In contrast, Australian schools have four terms School students all over the world are similar in that they have to take exams Add the words and phrases which you have underlined in exercise to the correct part of the table Make a note of the punctuation similar different In the same way, … … , whereas … Use a word or phrase from the table to complete the sentences _ Wales _ Ireland include their own language in the curriculum State and private schools _ _ _ _ all their students take school-leaving exams Northern Ireland and Wales have a similar education system to England Scotland, _ _ _ _ , has its own system In the UK, education is compulsory for children until the age of 16, _ in Brazil children can leave school at 14 Students in Japanese schools often eat school lunches _ _ _ _ , students in France also often eat in school Complete the sentences with your own ideas Schools and universities are similar in that Both boys and girls Literature is an arts subject In contrast, English students take A Levels, whereas students in my country Primary school is different from in that Unit 1    Education and learning 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 7 15/05/2011 16:55 WRITING  Education in Japan and England: a comparison Write three things you remember about the UK education system Are these things the same or different in your country? Discuss with a partner Look at the notes Write a heading for each group of facts England Japan your country: General information 1.1 compulsory for 5–16 year olds 1.1 compulsory for 6–15 year olds 1.2 majority – state schools but some 1.2 90% + go to state schools private (25%) 2.1 September – July 2.1 April to March 2.2 terms – about 35 weeks a year 2.2 terms – about 13 weeks each 2.3 Mon–Fri  8.30–3.50 2.3 Mon–Fri  9.00–3.30 pm 2.4 lunch break – most eat school 2.4 lunch break – cafeteria, packed lunches food 3.1 ages 5–11 3.2 co-educational 3.3 English, maths, science + others Elementary school 3.1 ages 6–12 3.2 co-educational 3.3 Japanese, maths, science + others 4.1 ages 11–16 and 17–18 4.2 comprehensive – all abilities High school 4.1 junior high ages 12–15 4.2 senior high ages 15–18 5.1 age 16 – GSCEs in 10 subjects 5.2 age 17 – AS Levels in or subjects 5.3 age 18 – A Levels in subjects for university entrance 5.1 entrance exam to each school 5.2 entrance exam to each university Write two or three questions for each heading General information When is school compulsory? What percentage of students go to state schools? Work with a partner Answer your questions from exercise about your country Write your answers in note form in the table andfree learning 888 Unit Hobbies and time Unit1 1     Education 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 15/05/2011 16:55   Read STUDY SKILL  Read the two long sentences from an essay comparing the education systems of Japan and England Divide each sentence into two shorter ones By law, Japanese children have to attend school from the age of to 15, on the other hand, English children start compulsory school at the age of and continue until they are 16 The Japanese and English education systems are similar in that it is necessary to take an exam to enter university however, Japan is different from England because each university sets its own entrance exam, whereas all English universities accept students with good A level results Study Skill  Checking your writing (1) Being accurate is very important in academic and professional writing Check your first draft for: sentence length Are your sentences too long or short? word order, linking words words left out, e.g articles, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs Read the pairs of short sentences from the essay Rewrite each pair to make one sentence, using words or phrases to show similarity or difference from Language for Writing on page 1 The Japanese school year starts in April The English school year starts in September English schools have three terms Japanese schools have three terms 3 Japanese students eat a school lunch Many English students take food to school for lunch Read the paragraph Find and correct … two wrong uses of similarity and difference linking words and phrases two missing prepositions two examples of wrong word order The school systems in Japan and England are different in that students have to take exams However, Japan each school can set entrance exams In the same way, English schools usually not have entrance exams At the end of their time school, students in both countries have to exams take to enter university There are places for everyone with the right qualifications, but very good grades are required to get into the best universities in both countries Although there are a number of significant differences between the systems, both countries share a commitment to high quality education for their young people Writing a comparing and contrasting essay Write an essay (150–200 words) comparing the education system in your country with either England or Japan Use words and phrases from Language for Writing on page After you have written, check for sentence length, missing words, and the use of linking words and phrases Unit 1    Education and learning 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 9 15/05/2011 16:55 VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT  Dictionary work   Read STUDY SKILL  Scan the entry for dictionary Answer the questions Study Skill  Using a dictionary (1) Choose a recent edition of an English–English dictionary Look at the information about how to use the dictionary, which is usually at the beginning Make sure you understand the symbols and abbreviations Remember that each entry for a word usually has: the pronunciation and stress definition(s) the part of speech example sentences any irregular forms, e.g plurals or past tense forms How many syllables are there in the word dictionary? Which syllable has the main stress? What part of speech is it? What is the plural form? How many meanings are given? Scan the extract lean to leasehold from the Oxford Student’s Dictionary Answer the questions What part of speech is leap2? How many syllables does the word leasehold have? Where is the main stress on the adjective leasehold? Find an adjective which means thin Find two uncountable nouns What are the past participles of the verb lean? What are the past simple forms of the verb learn? Complete the sentences with the correct preposition Use a dictionary to help   Read STUDY SKILL  Study Skill  Using a dictionary (2) A dictionary entry will also help you use a word by giving: any prepositions which collocate, e.g by accident verb type, e.g transitive [T] (I like music); intransitive [I] (He doesn’t work) verb pattern, e.g let sb/sth sth; allow sb to sth Always look at the example sentences These will help you use the words accurately This master’s degree consists six modules There are many scholarships available _ overseas students Education in most countries is funded mainly _ the state The Internet is a good source information If you wish to apply a university, you should prepare your application carefully Check the underlined words and find the mistakes in the sentences Use a dictionary to help The university lets students to use dictionaries in their exams Students are encouraged joining university societies Students are expected hand in their work on time 4 Please speak your tutor if you have any problems Students usually sit on their exams in June andfree learning 1010 Unit Hobbies and time Unit1 1     Education 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 10 15/05/2011 16:55 VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Formal and informal vocabulary   Read STUDY SKILL  Choose the correct word or phrase in italics in sentences 1–6 Study Skill  Formal and informal vocabulary In academic and professional writing, use more formal vocabulary For example: single verbs, nouns, etc rather than phrasal verbs and nouns, e.g increase instead of go up If possible, avoid using words and phrases normally used in everyday spoken English For example: Lectures commence at ten o’clock instead of Lectures begin at ten The government estimates/guesses that prices will rise by 1% this year Phones today just don’t look like/resemble phones from the 60s It is a good idea/advisable to arrive ten minutes before the examination begins The use of WiFi technology is now widespread/ everywhere Lots of young people transmit/send messages to their friends by SMS The mobile phone industry has announced that the cost of using mobile phones is expected to decrease/go down rapidly within the next two years Replace the underlined more informal words and phrases in the text with a more formal word or phrase from the box are not able to   be very time-consuming    communicate   express represent    In the same way as    that is to say    As a result Communicating without speaking How can you 1get your ideas across to people if you 2can’t speak, perhaps because you are deaf ? It would 3take ages to write down everything you needed to 4say One solution is to use sign language The recorded history of sign languages, 5or to put it another way, languages using one’s hands, began in the sixteenth century The gestures used by signers can 6stand for complete ideas in addition to single words 7Just like spoken languages, signed languages vary from country to country and from region to region 8So, there is a wide variety of sign languages in use around the world Look at the formal sentences and underline the more informal word or phrase For further information on courses in communication technology, get in touch with Dr Williams in the Department of Information Technology From 1950 to 2000, there were very big developments in the field of computer technology Please let the director know if there are any problems Students who miss classes as a result of illness are required to produce a medical certificate The director of the department will get here at 3pm All books must be brought back to the library by Monday 26th June Match a formal word or phrase with the informal words or phrases from exercise a are absent from miss c contact _ e returned _ b arrive _ d enormous _ f inform _ Communication 82 Unit 82 and freeand timetechnology Unit10  1      Hobbies 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 82 15/05/2011 16:56 REVIEW Read the text about WiFi technology and complete the notes WiFi technology WiFi (wireless fidelity) refers to a local area network (LAN), which uses high frequency radio signals to send and receive data over short distances (about 60m) The wireless network uses radio waves in a similar way to mobile phones and radios The wireless adapter on a computer translates data into a radio signal and transmits it via an antenna A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it It then sends the data to the Internet The radio waves used for WiFi communication work at much higher frequencies than those used in other radio systems This allows considerably more data to be transmitted Also, WiFi radios can use three different frequency bands and can move between them This means that there can be multiple devices using the same wireless connection simultaneously The number of WiFi networks is growing rapidly as they are easy and inexpensive to set up Airports, shops, libraries, hotels, and even restaurants now provide these ‘hotspots’ In addition, many cities are using the technology to provide free or low-cost Internet access for their residents Wireless networking is becoming so widespread that access to the Internet via cables and wires may soon be a thing of the past WiFi What is it? 1.1 Local area network (LAN) 1.2 radio signals 1.3 (60m) How does it work? 2.1 uses radio waves 2.2 computer adapter translates data into 2.3 radio signals transmitted 2.4 receives/decodes signal 2.5 sent to the 3 Advantages 3.1 more data can be sent 3.2  can use connection at the same time 4 Developments 4.1 hotspots in 4.2 cities can provide Prepare a two-minute presentation on WiFi technology Use phrases from Language for Speaking on page 79 Go through the text on pages 76–77 What the abbreviations stand for? RAM  Random Access Memory PC 1G SMS WAP 3G Mb PDA OS GPS Underline the phrasal verbs in the sentences Replace each phrasal verb with a more formal verb from the box accommodate   collect   complete   postponed   recovered from The new university hall can fit in 500 people Will all students pick up their essays from the secretary’s office? The director’s meeting has been put off until next week We are pleased to announce that Dr Smith has got over his recent illness and will be returning to the university next week All new students must fill in their library membership forms by the end of this week Unit 10    Communication and technology 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 83 83 15/05/2011 16:56 Wordlist Here is a list of most of the new words in the units of Headway Academic Skills Level Student’s Book adj = adjective adv = adverb conj = conjunction n = noun pl = plural prep = preposition US = American English v = verb Unit abbreviation n  /əˌbri:viˈeɪʃn/ ability n  /əˈbɪləti/ academic adj  /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ accurate adj  /ˈækjərət/ adjective n  /ˈæʤɪktɪv/ agree v  /əˈgri:/ alert adj  /əˈlɜ:t/ aloud adj  /əˈlaʊd/ apply for v  /əˈplaɪ fə/ approximately adv  /əˈprɒksɪmətli/ article n  /ˈɑ:tɪkl/ assignment n  /əˈsaɪnmənt/ attend v  / əˈtend/ auditory adj  /ˈɔ:dɪtri/ auxiliary verb n  /ɔ:gˌzɪliəri ˈvɜ:b/ available adj  /əˈveɪləbl/ badge n  /bæʤ/ basic adj  /ˈbeɪsɪk/ biological adj  /ˌbaɪəˈlɒʤɪkl/ certainly adv  /ˈsɜ:tnli/ chart n  /ʧɑ:t/ check v  /ʧek/ chemistry n  /ˈkemɪstri/ choose v  /ʧu:z/ co-educational adj  /ˌkəʊeʤuˈkeɪʃənl/ collocate v  /ˈkɒləkeɪt/ commitment n  /kəˈmɪtmənt/ compare v  /kəmˈpeə(r)/ complete v  /kəmˈpli:t/ complicated adj  /ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/ comprehensive adj  /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/ compulsory adj  /kəmˈpʌlsəri/ concentrate v  /ˈkɒnsəntreɪt/ conclusion n  /kənˈklu:ʒn/ consist of v  /kənˈsɪst əv/ content n  /ˈkɒntent/ continue v  /kənˈtɪnju:/ contrast v  /kənˈtrɑ:st/ cram v  /kræm/ crucial adj  /ˈkru:ʃl/ curriculum n  /kəˈrɪkjələm/ daunting adj  /ˈdɔ:ntɪŋ/ definite adj  /ˈdefɪnət/ definition n  /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/ delay v  /dɪˈleɪ/ description n  /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/ develop v  /dɪˈveləp/ development n  /dɪˈveləpmənt/ differ v  /ˈdɪfə(r)/ difference n  /ˈdɪfrəns/ discuss v  /dɪˈskʌs/ discussion n  /dɪˈskʌʃn/ divide v  /dɪˈvaɪd/ draft n  /drɑ:ft/ edition n  /ɪˈdɪʃn/ education n  /eʤuˈkeɪʃn/ effective adj  /ɪˈfektɪv/ effectively adv  /ɪˈfektɪvli/ encourage v  /ɪnˈkʌrɪʤ/ entrance exam n  /ˈentrəns ɪgˌzæm/ essay n  /ˈeseɪ/ expect v  /ɪkˈspekt/ expression n  /ɪkˈspreʃn/ extremely adv  /ɪkˈstri:mli/ find out v  /ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/ form n  /fɔ:m/ formula n  /ˈfɔ:mjələ/ full-time adj  /ˌfʊlˈtaɪm/ further adv  /ˈfɜ:ðə(r)/ generally adv  /ˈʤenrəli/ grammar n  /ˈgræmə(r)/ graph n  /grɑ:f/ habit n  /ˈhæbɪt/ hand in v  /ˌhænd ˈɪn/ hardly ever adv  /ˌhɑ:dli ˈevə/ heading n  /ˈhedɪŋ/ hold v  /həʊld/ however adv  /haʊˈevə(r)/ illustration n  /ˌɪləˈstreɪʃn/ immediately adv  /ɪmˈi:diətli/ improve v  /ɪmˈpru:v/ incentive n  /ɪnˈsentɪv/ include v  /ɪnˈklu:d/ inorganic adj  /ˌɪnɔ:ˈgænɪk/ intensive adj  /ɪnˈtensɪv/ intransitive adj  /ɪnˈtrænsətɪv/ irregular adj  /ɪˈregjələ(r)/ journal n  /ˈʤɜ:nl/ law n  /lɔ:/ lecture n  /ˈlekʧə(r)/ lecturer n  /ˈlekʧərə(r)/ linking word n  /ˈlɪŋkɪŋ ˌwɜ:d/ list n  /lɪst/ literature n  /ˈlɪtrəʧə(r)/ locate v  /ləʊˈkeɪt/ main n  /meɪn/ majority n  /məˈʤɒrəti/ manageable adj  /ˈmænɪʤəbl/ management n  /ˈmænɪʤmənt/ match v  /mæʧ/ material n  /məˈtɪəriəl/ meaning n  /ˈmi:nɪŋ/ memorize v  /ˈmeməraɪz/ mention v  /ˈmenʃn/ mixture n  /ˈmɪksʧə(r)/ module n j /ˈmɒdju:l/ national adj  /ˈnæʃnəl/ neat adj  /ni:t/ necessary v  /ˈnesəsəri/ note n  /nəʊt/ occur v  /əˈkɜ:(r)/ on the other hand  /ˌɒn ðə ˈʌðə hænd/ organic adj  /ɔ:ˈgænɪk/ organize v  /ˈɔ:gənaɪz/ overseas adj  /ˌəʊvəˈsi:z/ overview n  /ˈəʊvəvju:/ part of speech n  /ˌpɑ:t əv ˈspi:ʧ/ participle n  /pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpl/ particular n  /pəˈtɪkjələ(r)/ phrase n  /freɪz/ physical education n  /ˌfɪzɪkl eʤuˈkeɪʃn/ plan n, v  /plæn/ plural n  /ˈplʊə+rəl/ poem n  /ˈpəʊɪm/ preposition n  /ˌprepəˈzɪʃn/ previous adj  /ˈpri:viəs/ private adj  /ˈpraɪvət/ problem n  /ˈprɒbləm/ process n  /ˈprəʊses/ pronunciation n  /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/ punctuation n  /ˌpʌktjuˈeɪʃn/ put off v  /ˌpʊt ˈɒf/ qualifications n pl  /ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/ quality n  /ˈkwɒləti/ quotation n  /kwəʊˈteɪʃn/ realistic adj  /ˌri:əˈlɪstɪk/ reason n  /ˈri:zn/ receive v  /ˈrɪsi:v/ recent adj  /ˈri:snt/ record v  /rɪˈkɔ:d/ refer to v  /rɪˈfɜ: tu/ register v  /ˈreʤɪstə(r)/ relevant adj  /ˈreləvənt/ remain v  /rɪˈmeɪn/ require v  /rɪˈkwaɪə(r)/ research v  /rɪˈsɜ:ʧ/ research n  /rɪˈsɜ:ʧ/ result n  /rɪˈzʌlt/ retrieve v  /rɪˈtri:v/ revise v  /rɪˈvaɪz/ revision n  /rɪˈvɪʒn/ reward n  /rɪˈwɔ:d/ score n  /skɔ:(r)/ secondary adj  /ˈsekəndri/ serious adj  /ˈsɪəriəs/ set n  /set/ several pron  /ˈsevrəl/ significant adj  /sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt/ similar adj  /ˈsɪmələ(r)/ similarity n  /ˌsɪməˈlærəti/ sit v  /sɪt/ skill n  /skɪl/ skim v  /skɪm/ society n  /səˈsaɪəti/ source n  /sɔ:s/ specialize v  /ˈspeʃəlaɪz/ specific adj  /spəˈsɪfɪk/ spelling n  /ˈspelɪŋ/ staff n  /stɑ:f/ state adj  /steɪt/ stress n  /stres/ style n  /staɪl/ subject n  /ˈsʌbʤikt/ suit v  /su:t/ survey v  /səˈveɪ/ syllable n  /ˈsɪləbl/ symbol n  /ˈsɪmbl/ system n  /ˈsɪstəm/ table n  /ˈteɪbl/ target n  /ˈtɑ:gɪt/ tense n  /tens/ term n  /tɜ:m/ tertiary adj  /ˈtɜ:ʃəri/ text n  /tekst/ timing n  /ˈtaɪmɪŋ/ title n  /ˈtaɪtl/ topic n  /ˈtɒpɪk/ transitive adj  /ˈtrænsətɪv/ tutor n  /ˈtju:tə(r)/ underline v  /ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/ usually adv  /ˈju:ʒəli/ vague adj  /veɪg/ vast adj  /vɑ:st/ visual adj  /ˈvɪʒuəl/ vocabulary n  /vəˈkæbjələri/ well-organized adj  /ˌwelˈɔ:gənaɪzd/ whereas conj  /ˌweərˈæz/ whether conj  /ˈweðə(r)/ worthwhile adj  /ˌwɜ:θˈwaɪl/ 84 Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 84 15/05/2011 16:56 Unit accelerate v  /əkˈseləreɪt/ accept v  /əkˈsept/ according to  /əˈkɔ:dɪŋ tə/ action n  /ˈækʃn/ activate v  /ˈæktɪveɪt/ adult n  /ˈædʌlt/ advanced adj  /ədˈvɑ:nst/ affected by v  /əˈfektɪd baɪ/ alternative n  /ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv/ amount n  /əˈmaʊnt/ ancient adj  /ˈeɪnʃnt/ anecdotal adj  /ˌænɪkˈdəʊtl/ antibiotics n pl  /ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪks/ approach v  /əˈprəʊʧ/ associate with v  /əˈsəʊʃieɪt wɪð/ attack v  /əˈtæk/ attribute v  /æˈtrɪbju:t/ balance v  /ˈbæləns/ balanced adj  /ˈbælənst/ base on v  /ˈbeɪs ɒn/ beneficial adj  /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/ benefit n  /ˈbenɪfɪt/ body n  /ˈbɒdi/ brain n  /breɪn/ brainstorm v  /ˈbreɪnstɔ:m/ cancel v  /ˈkænsl/ cancer n  /ˈkænsə(r)/ carry out v  /ˌkæri ˈaʊt/ cause n  /kɔ:z/ cell n  /sel/ century n  /ˈsenʧəri/ change n, v  /ʧeɪnʤ/ common adj  /ˈkɒmən/ completely adv  /kəmˈpli:tli/ concern n  /kənˈsɜ:n/ conclude v  /kənˈklu:d/ condition n  /kənˈdɪʃn/ conduct v  /kənˈdʌkt/ confirm v  /kənˈfɜ:m/ confusion n  /kənˈfju:ʒn/ connection n  /kəˈnekʃn/ consider v  /kənˈsɪdə(r)/ constantly adv  /ˈkɒnstəntli/ consumption n  /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ copy v  /ˈkɒpi/ correct adj  /kəˈrekt/ credit v  /ˈkredɪt/ cure n, v  /kjʊə(r)/ currently adv  /ˈkʌrəntli/ curriculum n  /kəˈrɪkjələm/ cut v  /kʌt/ daily adv  /ˈdeɪli/ damage n, v  /ˈdæmɪʤ/ data n  /ˈdeɪtə/ demand v  /dɪˈmɑ:nd/ depend on v  /dɪˈpend ɒn/ destroy v  /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ detail n  /ˈdi:teɪl/ develop v  /dɪˈveləp/ diet n  /ˈdaɪət/ directly adv  /dəˈrektli/ disability n  /ˌdɪsəˈbɪləti/ disease n  /dɪˈzi:z/ divide v  /dɪˈvaɪd/ document n, v  /ˈdɒkjəmənt/ due to adj  /ˈdju: tə/ effect n  /ɪˈfekt/ effective adj  /ɪˈfektɪv/ electrical adj  /ɪˈlektrɪkl/ encouraging adj  /ɪnˈkʌrɪʤɪŋ/ essential adj  /ɪˈsenʃl/ evidence n  /ˈevɪdəns/ exercise n  /ˈeksəsaɪz/ explain v  /ˈɪkspleɪn/ fact n  /fækt/ fewer adj  /ˈfju:ə(r)/ finding n  /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/ focus n, v  /ˈfəʊkəs/ general adj  /ˈʤenrl/ growth n  /grəʊθ/ guideline n  /ˈgaɪdlaɪn/ harmful adj  /ˈhɑ:mfl/ heal v  /hi:l/ health n  /helθ/ illness n  /ˈɪlnəs/ immune system n  /ɪmˈju:n ˌsɪstəm/ important adj  /ɪmˈpɔ:tənt/ in fact  /ɪn ˈfækt/ include v  /ɪnˈklu:d/ increase v  /ɪnˈkri:s/ ineffective adj  /ˌɪnɪˈfektɪv/ inject v  /ɪnˈʤekt/ innovation n  /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ investigate v  /ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt/ involved in v  /ɪnˈvɒlvd ɪn/ kill v  /kɪl/ laboratory n  /ləˈbɒrətri/ lack of n  /ˈlæk əv/ lead v  /li:d/ level n  /ˈlevl/ lifestyle n  /ˈlaɪfstaɪl/ limb n  /lɪm/ limit n  /ˈlɪmɪt/ long-term adj  /ˌlɒŋˈtɜ:m/ loss n  /lɒs/ lower adj  /ləʊə(r)/ maintain v  /meɪnˈteɪn/ manufacture v  /ˌmænjuˈfækʧə/ medical adj  /ˈmedɪkl/ medical condition n  /ˈmedɪkl kənˌdɪʃn/ message n  /ˈmesɪʤ/ mixture n  /ˈmɪksʧə/ monitor v  /ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/ mysterious adj  /mɪˈstɪəriəs/ need v  /ni:d/ observation n  /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn/ obvious adj  /ˈɒbviəs/ opinion n  /əˈpɪnjən/ overuse v  /ˌəʊvəˈju:z/ paraphrase v  /ˈpærəfreɪz/ participate v  /pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ patient n  /ˈpeɪʃnt/ performance n  /pəˈfɔ:məns/ physical adj  /ˈfɪzɪkl/ plagiarism n  /ˈpleɪʤərɪzəm/ population n  /ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/ portion n  /ˈpɔ:ʃn/ positive adj  /ˈpɒzətɪv/ practitioner n  /prækˈtɪʃənə(r)/ predict v  /prɪˈdɪkt/ prescribe v  /prɪˈskraɪb/ pretend v  /prɪˈtend/ previously adv  /ˈpri:viəsli/ process n  /ˈprəʊses/ profession n  /prəˈfeʃn/ progress n  /ˈprəʊgres/ promising adj  /ˈprɒmɪsɪŋ/ proof n  /pru:f/ protect v  /prəˈtekt/ provide v  /prəˈvaɪd/ publish v  /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ radiation n  /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/ recommend v  /ˌrekəˈmend/ recover v  /rɪˈkʌvə(r)/ recovery n  /rɪˈkʌvəri/ rediscovery n  /ˌri:dɪˈskʌvəri/ reduce v  /rɪˈdju:s/ relate to v  /rɪˈleɪt tə:/ remember v  /rɪˈmembə(r)/ rephrase v  /ˌri:ˈfreɪz/ replace v  /rɪˈpleɪs/ report v  /rɪˈpɔ:t/ require v  /rɪˈkwaɪə(r)/ researcher n  /rɪˈsɜ:ʧə(r)/ rest v  /rest/ result n  /rɪˈzʌlt/ rhythm n  /ˈrɪðəm/ risk n  /rɪsk/ scientist n  /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ sensible adj  /ˈsensəbl/ show v  /ʃəʊ/ sight n  /saɪt/ signal n  /ˈsɪgnəl/ sound n  /ˈsaʊnd/ specialist n  /ˈspeʃəlɪst/ specifically adv  /spəˈsɪfɪkli/ speed n  /spi:d/ spread v  /spred/ stage n  /steɪʤ/ stimulate v  /ˈstɪmjuleɪt/ stress n  /ˈstres/ structure n  /ˈstrʌkʧə(r)/ study n  /ˈstʌdi/ subject n  /ˈsʌbʤɪkt/ substance n  /ˈsʌbstəns/ suffer from v  /ˈsʌfə frəm/ suggest v  /səˈʤest/ suitable adj  /ˈsu:təbl/ summarize v  /ˈsʌməraɪz/ summary n  /ˈsʌməri/ synonym n  /ˈsɪnənɪm/ target v, n  /ˈtɑ:gɪt/ test v, n  /test/ theory n  /ˈθɪəri/ therapy n  /ˈθerəpi/ treat v  /tri:t/ treatment n  /ˈtri:tmənt/ trial n  /ˈtraɪəl/ truth n  /tru:θ/ unhealthy adj  /ʌnˈhelθi/ vaccine n  /ˈvæksi:n/ various adj  /ˈveəriəs/ weight n  /weɪt/ well-being n  /ˈwelbi:ɪŋ/ well-developed adj  /ˌweldɪˈveləpt/ wound n  /wu:nd/ Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 85 85 15/05/2011 16:56 Unit developments n pl  accommodation n  /dɪˈveləpmənts/ diploma n  /dɪˈpləʊmə/ add v  /æd/ address v  /əˈdres/ administrative adj  discursive essay n  /dɪˌskɜ:rsɪv /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ /ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv/ advantages n pl  /ədˈvɑ:ntɪʤɪz/ advisor n  /ədˈvaɪzə(r)/ agriculture n  /ˈægrɪkʌltʃə(r)/ apparent adj  /əˈpærənt/ appear v  /əˈpɪə(r)/ appoint v  /əˈpɔɪnt/ architect n  /ˈɑ:kɪtekt/ argue v  /ˈɑ:gju:/ arguments n pl  /ˈɑ:gjumənts/ as stated in v  /æz ˈsteɪtɪd ɪn/ aspects n pl  /ˈæspekts/ atmosphere n  /ˈætməsfɪə(r)/ attempt v  /əˈtempt/ availability n  /əˌveɪləbɪləti/ average adj  /ˈævərɪʤ/ backward prep  /ˈbækwəd/ base in v  /ˈbeɪs ɪn/ boat n  /bəʊt/ borders n pl  /ˈbɔ:dəz/ bridges n pl  /ˈbrɪʤɪz/ building n  /ˈbɪldɪŋ/ business park n  /ˈbɪznəs pɑ:k/ capital n  /ˈkæpɪtl/ challenge n  /ˈʧælənʤ/ choice n  /ʧɔɪs/ climate n  /ˈklaɪmət/ coast n  /ˈkəʊst/ coastal adj  /ˈkəʊstl/ cohesion n  /kəʊˈhi:ʒn/ colleagues n pl  /ˈkɒli:gz/ collocate v  /ˈkɒləkeɪt/ collocation n  /ˌkɒləˈkeɪʃn/ commence v  /kəˈmens/ commerce n  /ˈkɒmɜ:s/ commercial adj  /kəˈmɜ:ʃl/ commission n  /kəˈmɪʃn/ committee n  /kəˈmɪti/ community n  /kəˈmju:nəti/ compete v  /kəmˈpi:t/ complete v  /kəmˈpli:t/ conclude v  /kənˈklu:d/ conference n  /ˈkɒnfrəns/ consequences n pl  /ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/ consequently adv  /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/ consideration n  /kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn/ construction n  /kənˈstrʌkʃn/ continually adv  /kɒnˈtɪnjuəli/ continuity n  /ˌkɒntɪˈnju:əti/ courageous adj  /kəˈreɪʤəs/ create v  /kri:ˈeɪt/ cross v  /krɒs/ cross out v  /ˌkrɒs ˈaʊt/ cultural adj  /ˈkʌlʧərəl/ deal with v  /ˈdi:l wɪð/ demand v  /dɪˈmɑ:nd/ demonstrate v  /ˈdemənstreɪt/ depend on v  /ðɪˈpend ɒn/ describe v  /dɪˈskraɪb/ disadvantages n pl  /ˌdɪsədˈvɑ:ntɪʤɪz/ ˈeseɪ/ discuss v  /dɪˈskʌs/ district n  /ˈdɪstrɪkt/ divide v  /dɪˈvaɪd/ draw up v  /ˌdrɔ: ˈʌp/ drawbacks n pl  /ˈdrɔ:bæks/ economic adj  /ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk/ employ v  /ɪmˈplɔɪ/ environment n  /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ error n  /ˈerə(r)/ establish v  /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ evaluate v  /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ event n  /ɪˈvent/ example n  /ɪgˈzɑ:mpl/ existing adj  /ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ/ experience n  /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ experiment n, v  /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ face v  /feɪs/ facilities n pl  /fəˈsɪləti:z/ factors n pl  /ˈfæktəz/ factual adj  /ˈfækʧuəl/ farming n  /ˈfɑ:mɪŋ/ final adj  /ˈfaɪnl/ finally adv  /ˈfaɪnəli/ first-class adj  /ˌfɜ:st ˈklɑ:s/ flow v  /fləʊ/ for this reason  /fə ˌðɪs ˈri:zn/ forward prep  /ˈfɔ:wəd/ found v  /faʊnd/ frequently adv  /ˈfri:kwəntli/ functions n pl  /ˈfʌŋkʃnz/ furthermore adv  /ˌfɜ:ðəˈmɔ:(r)/ growth n  /grəʊθ/ heavily adv  /ˈhevɪli/ historic adj  /hɪˈstɒrɪk/ hospital n  /ˈhɒspɪtl/ household n  /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ housing n  /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/ identify v  /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ immigrants n pl  /ˈɪmɪgrənts/ importance n  /ɪmˈpɔ:təns industry n  /ˈɪndəstri/ influence n  /ˈɪnfluəns/ inhabitants n pl  /ɪnˈhæbɪtənts/ initial adj  /ɪˈnɪʃl/ innovative adj  /ˈɪnəvətɪv/ instructions n pl  /ɪnˈstrʌkʃnz/ integrate v  /ˈɪntɪgreɪt/ introduction n  /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn/ investigate v  /ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt/ jumbled adj  /ˈʤʌmbld/ leader n  /ˈli:də(r)/ locations n pl  /ləʊˈkeɪʃnz/ logical adj  /ˈlɒʤɪkl/ low level adj  /ˌləʊ ˈlevl/ minimize v  /ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/ model n  /ˈmɒdl/ modern adj  /ˈmɒdn/ mountain range n  /ˈmaʊntən ˌreɪnʤ/ national adj  /ˈnæʃnəl/ natural adj  /ˈnæʧrəl/ network n  /ˈnetwɜ:k/ options n pl  /ˈɒpʃnz/ order n  /ˈɔ:də(r)/ original adj  /əˈrɪgənl/ overall adj  /ˌəʊvəˈrɔ:l/ overcome v  /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ overcrowding n  /ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪŋ/ persuade v  /pəˈsweɪd/ persuasive adj  /pəˈsweɪsɪv/ phrases n pl  /ˈfreɪzɪz/ physicist n  /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/ pollution n  /pəˈlu:ʃn/ possible adj  /ˈpɒsəbl/ preserve v  /prɪˈzɜ:v/ pressure n  /ˈpreʃə(r)/ prioritise v  /praɪˈɒrətaɪz/ priority n  /praɪˈɒrəti/ private adj  /ˈpraɪvət/ problems n pl  /ˈprɒbləmz/ produce v  /prəˈdju:s/ properly adv  /ˈprɒpəli/ proposal n  /prəˈpəʊzl/ public n  /ˈpʌblɪk/ purpose n  /ˈpɜ:pəs/ quotation marks n pl  /kwəʊˈteɪʃn unfortunately adv  /ʌnˈfɔ:ʧənətli/ urban planning n  /ˈɜ:bn ˌplænɪŋ/ various adj  /ˈveəriəs/ waste n  /weɪst/ well-written adj  /ˌwelˈrɪtn/ ˌmɑ:ks/ rapidly adv  /ˈræpɪdli/ realize v  /ˈri:əlaɪz/ recreation n  /ˌrekriˈeɪʃn/ recycling n  /ˌri:ˈsaɪklɪŋ/ re-development n  /ˌri:dɪˈveləpmənt/ reference n  /ˈrefrəns/ reference material n  /ˈrefrəns məˌtɪəriəl/ regional adj  /ˈri:ʤənl/ religious adj  /rɪˈlɪʤəs/ rethink v  /ˌri:ˈθɪŋk/ review v  /rɪvˈju:/ roads n pl  /rəʊdz/ role n  /rəʊl/ rubbish n  /ˈrʌbɪʃ/ sanitation n  /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ scheme n  /ski:m/ search v  /sɜ:ʧ/ section n  /ˈsekʃn/ select v  /sɪˈlekt/ seminar n  /ˈsemɪnɑ:(r)/ sensible adj  /ˈsensəbl/ separately adv  /ˈseprətli/ services n pl  /ˈsɜ:vɪsɪs/ site n  /saɪt/ social adj  /ˈsəʊʃl/ solution n  /səˈlu:ʃn/ space n  /speɪs/ split v  /splɪt/ superb adj  /su:ˈpɜ:b/ supplies n pl  /səˈplaɪz/ thriving adj  /ˈθraɪvɪŋ/ throughout prep  /θru:ˈaʊt/ together adv  /təˈgeðə(r)/ top-quality adj  /ˌtɒp ˈkwɒlɪti/ trade fair n  /ˈtreɪdˌfeə(r)/ traffic congestion n  /ˈtræfɪk kənˌʤesʧn/ transport n  /ˈtrænspɔ:t/ transportation n  /ˌtrænspɔ:ˈteɪʃn/ 86 Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 86 15/05/2011 16:56 Unit abundant adj  /əˈbʌndənt/ act as v  /ˈækt əz/ adequate adj  /ˈædɪkwət/ annually adv  /ˈænjuəli/ antarctic n  /ænˈtɑ:ktɪk/ apartment blocks n pl  /əˈpɑ:tmənt ˌblɒks/ as a result  /ˌæz ə rɪˈzʌlt/ billion n  /ˈbɪljən/ both pron  /bəʊθ/ break down v  /ˌbreɪk ˈdaʊn/ briefcase n  /ˈbri:fkeɪs/ build v  /bɪld/ carbon dioxide n  /ˌkɑ:bən daɪˈɒksaɪd/ centuries n pl  /ˈsenʧəriz/ chain n  /ʧeɪn/ characteristic n  /ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk/ classified adj  /ˈklæsɪfaɪd/ collect v  /kəˈlekt/ combination n  /ˌkɒmbɪnˈeɪʃn/ combine v  /kəmˈbaɪn/ compensate v  /ˈkɒmpənseɪt/ competition n  /ˌkɒmˈpətɪʃn/ compound n  /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ concern n  /kənˈsɜ:n/ conditions n pl  /kənˈdɪʃnz/ consequently adv  /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/ conserve v  /kənˈsɜ:v/ considerably adv  /kənˈsɪdrəbli/ construct v  /kənsˈtrʌkt/ consumer n  /kənˈsju:mə(r)/ contaminants n pl  /kənˈtæmɪnənts/ convert v  /kənˈvɜ:t/ cost n  /kɒst/ crude oil n  /ˌkru:d ˈɔɪl/ dependent on adj  /dɪˈpendənt ɒn/ desalination n  /ˌdi:ˌsælɪnˈeɪʃn/ die v  /daɪ/ directly adv  /dəˈrektli/ earth n  /ɜ:θ/ economically adv  /ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪkli/ efficiency n  /ɪˈfɪʃnsi/ end v, n  /end/ energy n  /ˈenəʤi/ eventually adv  /ɪˈventʃuəli/ everywhere adv  /ˈevriweə(r)/ examine v  /ɪgˈzæmɪn/ expect v  /ɪkˈspekt/ expensive adj  /ɪkˈspensɪv/ explain v  /ɪkˈspleɪn/ exploit v  /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ express v  /ɪkˈspres/ factory n  /ˈfæktri/ farm n  /fɑ:m/ feed v  /fi:d/ for instance  /fər ˈɪnstəns/ form v  /fɔ:m/ fossil fuels n pl  /ˈfɒsl fju:əlz/ functions n pl  /ˈfʌŋkʃnz/ generally adv  /ˈʤenrəli/ generate v  /ˈʤenəreɪt/ global warming n  /ˌgləʊbl ˈwɔ:mɪŋ/ governments n pl  /ˈgʌvənmənts/ guideline n  /ˈgaɪdlaɪn/ heartbeat n  /ˈhɑ:tbi:t/ heating n, adj  /ˈhi:tɪŋ/ hope v  /həʊp/ hyphenated adj  /ˈhaɪfəneɪtɪd/ in brief  /ɪn ˈbri:f/ in conclusion  /ˌɪn kənˈklu:ʒn/ in use adj  /ˌɪn ˈju:s/ indicate v  /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ industrial adj  /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ inexpensive adj  /ˌɪnɪkˈspensɪv/ install v  /ɪnˈstɔ:l/ lab coat n  /ˈlæb ˌkəʊt/ leaves n pl  /li:vz/ manage v  /ˈmænɪʤ/ maximize v  /ˈmæksɪmaɪz/ medicine n  /ˈmedsn/ medium adj  /ˈmi:diəm/ micro adj  /ˈmaɪkrəʊ/ mineral water n  /ˈmɪnərəl ˌwɔ:tə(r)/ molecules n pl  /ˈmɒlɪkju:lz/ movement n  /ˈmu:vmənt/ obliged adj  /əˈblaɪʤd/ official adj  /əˈfɪʃl/ oil refining n  /ˈɔɪl rɪˌfaɪnɪŋ/ operate v  /ˈɒpəreɪt/ organism n  /ˈɔ:gənɪzəm/ outline n  /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ oxygen n  /ˈɒksɪʤən/ paper n  /ˈpeɪpə(r)/ participation n  /pɑ:ˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/ parts n pl  /pɑ:ts/ petrol n  /ˈpetrəl/ pipe n  /paɪp/ precious adj  /ˈpreʃəs/ products n pl  /ˈprɒdʌkts/ propose v  /prəˈpəʊz/ prove v  /pru:v/ public n  /ˈpʌblɪk/ purify v  /ˈpjʊərɪfaɪ/ rapid adj  /ˈræpɪd/ raw materials n pl  /ˌrɔ: succeed v  /səkˈsi:d/ successful adj  /səkˈsesfl/ sum up v  /ˌsʌm ˈʌp/ supply n  /səˈplaɪ/ surface n  /ˈsɜ:fɪs/ take for granted v  /ˌteɪk fə ˈgrɑ:ntɪd/ tap n  /tæp/ technology n  /tekˈnɒləʤi/ tips n pl  /tɪps/ traditionally adv  /trəˈdɪʃənəli/ transfer v  /trænsˈfɜ:(r)/ turn into v  /ˌtɜ:n ɪntu:/ turn to v  /ˈtɜ:n tu/ undrinkable adj  /ʌnˈdrɪŋkəbl/ unique adj  /ju:ˈni:k/ utilize v  /ˈju:təlaɪz/ valuable adj  /ˈvæljuəbl/ whales n pl  /ˈweɪlz/ widespread adj  /ˈwaɪdspred/ wood n  /wʊd/ məˈtɪəriəlz/ regularly adv  /ˈregjələli/ relationship n  /rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/ relatively adv  /ˈrelətɪvli/ release v  /rɪˈli:s/ removal n  /rɪˈmu:vl/ remove v  /rɪˈmu:v/ renewable adj  /rɪˈnju:əbl/ repair v  /rɪˈpeə(r)/ reproduction n  /ˌri:prəˈdʌkʃn/ reservoir n  /ˈrezəvwɑ:(r)/ resource n  /rɪˈzɔ:s/ respiration n  /ˌrespəˈreɪʃn/ review n, v  /rɪvˈju:/ rise v  /raɪz/ roots n pl  /ru:ts/ rules n pl  /ru:lz/ secondary adj  /ˈsekəndri/ sequence n  /ˈsi:kwəns/ serious adj  /ˈsɪəriəs/ shortage n  /ˈʃɔ:tɪʤ/ skyscraper n  /ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/ steps n pl  /steps/ subsequent adj  /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 87 87 15/05/2011 16:56 Unit abroad adj  /əˈbrɔ:d/ accountancy n  /əˈkaʊntənsi/ accumulate v  /əˈkju:mjəleɪt/ acquire v  /əˈkwaɪə(r)/ adverse adj  /ˈædvɜ:s/ afford v  /əˈfɔ:d/ against adj  /əˈgenst/ agreement n  /əˈgri:mənt/ analyse v  /ˈænəlaɪz/ anti-globalists n pl  /ˌæntɪˈgləʊbəlɪsts/ appear adv  /əˈpɪə(r)/ arguments n pl  /ˈɑ:gjumənts/ as a result  /ˌæz ə ˈrɪzʌlt/ as far as I am concerned  /æz ˌfɑ:r əz ˈaɪm kənˌsɜ:nd/ astronomer n  / əˈstrɒnəmə(r)/ at present  /ət ˈpreznt/ aware v  /əˈweə(r)/ balanced adj  /ˈbælənst/ believe v  /ˈbɪli:v/ calculate v  /ˈkælkjuleɪt/ caution n  /ˈkɔ:ʃn/ certainty n  /ˈsɜ:tənti/ charge v  /ˈʧɑ:ʤ/ chemicals n pl  /ˈkemɪklz/ cite v  /saɪt/ claim v  /kleɪm/ commercial adj  /kəˈmɜ:ʃl/ commodities n pl  /kəˈmɒdətiz/ concerns n pl  /kənˈsɜ:nz/ consumerism n  /kənˈsu:mərɪzəm/ consumers n pl  /kənˈsu:məz/ consumption n  /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ contract v  /kənˈtrækt/ contract n  /ˈkɒntrækt/ control n, v  /kənˈtrəʊl/ critical adj  /ˈkrɪtɪkl critically adv  /ˈkrɪtɪkli/ damage v, n  /ˈdæmɪʤ/ debate v  /dɪˈbeɪt/ debts n pl  /dets/ decide v  /dɪˈsaɪd/ decrease v  /dɪˈkri:s/ define v  /dɪˈfaɪn/ degree n  /dɪˈgri:/ desire n  /dɪˈzaɪə(r)/ despite the fact that  /dɪˈspaɪt ðə ˌfækt ðət/ destination n  /ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn/ direct adj  /dəˈrekt/ dispose of v  /dɪˈspəʊz əv/ distinguishing adj  /dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃɪŋ/ doubt v  /daʊt/ drastically adv  /ˈdræstɪkli/ earn v  /ɜ:n/ earthquake n  /ˈɜ:θkweɪk/ economic powers n pl  /ˈi:kənɒmɪk ˌpaʊəz/ economy n  /ɪˈkɒnəmi/ enormously adv  /ɪˈnɔ:məsli/ environmental adj  /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl/ equally adv  /ˈi:kwəli/ equipment n  /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/ ethical adj  /ˈeθɪkl/ evaluate v  /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ examiner n  /ɪgˈzæmɪnə(r)/ exchange v  /ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ/ exhaust v  /ɪgˈzɔ:st/ expectation n  /ˌekspekˈteɪʃn/ expertise n  /ˌekspɜ:ˈti:z/ exploit v  /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ export v  /ɪkˈspɔ:t/ express v  /ɪkˈspres/ fair adj  /feə(r)/ fair n  /feə(r)/ fair trade n  /ˌfeə ˈtreɪd/ familiar adj  /fəˈmɪliə(r)/ feelings n pl  /ˈfi:lɪŋs/ figures n pl  /ˈfɪgəz/ finally adv  /ˈfaɪnəli/ financial adj  /faɪˈnænʃl/ fixed adj  /fɪkst/ flaw n  /flɔ:/ focus on v  /ˈfəʊkəs ɒn/ foodstuffs n pl  /ˈfu:dstʌfs/ force v  /fɔ:s/ free trade n  /ˌfri: ˈtreɪd/ gain v  /geɪn/ generalizations n pl  /ˌʤenrəlaɪzˈeɪʃnz/ globalization n  /ˌgləʊbəlaɪzˈeɪʃn/ gross domestic product (GDP) n  /ˌgrəʊs dəˌmestɪk ˈprɒdʌkt/ guaranteed adj  /ˌgærənˈti:d/ illustrate v  /ˈɪləstreɪt/ impact n  /ˈɪmpækt/ import v  /ɪmˈpɔ:t/ improvement n  /ɪmˈpru:vmənt/ in favour of adj  /ɪn ˈfeɪvə(r)ɒv/ in order to  /ɪn ˈɔ:də tu/ in particular  /ˌɪn pəˈtɪkjələ(r)/ income n  /ˈɪnkʌm/ inflated adj  /ɪnˈfleɪtɪd/ insignificant adj  /ˌɪnsɪgˈnɪfɪkənt/ investment n  /ɪnˈvestmənt/ judge v  /ˈʤʌʤ/ label n  /ˈleɪbl/ labour force n  /ˈleɪbə ˌfɔ:s/ legal adj  /ˈli:gl/ local adj  /ˈləʊkl/ maintain v  /meɪnˈteɪn/ malaria n  /məˈleəriə/ managerial adj  /ˌmænəˈʤɪəriəl/ minority n  /maɪˈnɒrəti/ morally adv  /ˈmɒrəli/ moreover adv  /mɔ:rˈəʊvə(r)/ movement (political) n  /ˈmu:vmənt/ multiple adj  /ˈmʌltɪpl/ naturally adv  /ˈnæʧrəli/ neutral adj  /ˈnju:trəl/ objective n, adj  /əbˈʤektɪv/ one-sided adj  /ˌwʌn ˈsaɪdɪd/ opportunity n  /ˌɒpəˈʧu:nəti/ ordinary adj  /ˈɔ:dnri/ over-priced adj  /ˌəʊvəˈpraɪsd/ packaging n  /ˈpækɪʤɪŋ/ particles n pl  /ˈpɑ:tɪklz/ past n, adj  /pɑ:st/ pay n  /peɪ/ peak seasons n pl  /ˈpi:k ˌsi:zənz/ per capita adj  /ˌpɜ: ˈkæpɪtə/ percentage n  /pəˈsentɪʤ/ point of view n  /ˌpɔɪnt əv ˈvju:/ policy n  /ˈpɒləsi/ popular adj  /ˈpɒpjulə(r)/ present v  /prɪˈzent/ price n  /praɪs/ pricing n  /ˈpraɪsɪŋ/ probably adv  /ˈprɒbəbli/ profit margin n  /ˈprɒfɪt ˌmɑ:ʤɪn/ proven adj  /ˈprəʊvn/ rapid adj  /ˈræpɪd/ reduction n  /rɪˈdʌkʃn/ relatively adv  /ˈrelətɪvli/ remote adj  /rɪˈməʊt/ responsible adj  /rɪˈspɒnsəbl/ result in v  /rɪˈzʌlt ɪn/ retail n  /ˈri:teɪl/ retailer n  /ˈri:teɪlə(r)/ rich adj  /rɪʧ/ sales n  /seɪlz/ scientifically adv  /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪkli/ seasons n pl  /ˈsi:zənz/ seem adv  /si:m/ serious adj  /ˈsɪəriəs/ share v  /ʃeə(r)/ similarly adv  /ˈsɪmɪləli/ situation n  /ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃn/ slight adj  /slaɪt/ soil n  /sɔɪl/ speculation n  /ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn/ state v  /steɪt/ stoppage n  /ˈstɒpɪʤ/ strict adj  /strɪkt/ strike v  /straɪk/ substantial adj  /səbˈstænʃl/ substantially adv  /səbˈstænʃəli/ successfully adv  /səkˈsesfəli/ supporters n pl  /səˈpɔ:təz/ supporting adj  /səˈpɔ:tɪŋ/ technical adj  /ˈteknɪkl/ technological adj  /ˌteknəˈlɒʤɪkl/ tend to adv  /ˈtend tə/ tendency n  /ˈtendənsi/ term n  /tɜ:m/ thesis statement n  /ˈθi:sɪs ˌsteɪtmənt/ tin n  /tɪn/ total n  /ˈtəʊtl/ tourism n  /ˈtʊərɪzəm/ trades people n pl  /ˈtreɪdz pi:pl/ traditions n pl  /trəˈdɪʃnz/ true adj  /tru:/ undoubtedly adv  /ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli/ unfairly adv  /ʌnˈfeəli/ unfortunately adv  /ʌnˈfɔ:ʧənətli/ varying adj  /ˈveəriɪŋ/ village n  /ˈvɪlɪʤ/ wealthy adj  /ˈwelθi/ widely adv  /ˈwaɪdli/ win-win adj  /ˌwɪnˈwɪn/ wish v  /wɪʃ/ with reference to  /wɪð ˈrefrəns tə/ world market n  /ˌwɜ:ld ˈmɑ:kɪt/ 88 Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 88 15/05/2011 16:56 Unit abandon v  /əˈbændən/ accidentally adv  /ˌæksɪˈdentəli/ achievements n pl  /əˈʧi:vmənts/ actively adv  /ˈæktɪvli/ add v  /æd/ admire v  /ədˈmaɪə(r)/ adverbial adj  /ædˈvɜ:biəl/ afterlife n  /ˈɑ:ftəlaɪf/ ancient adj  /ˈeɪnʃənt/ appropriately adv  /əˈprəʊpriətli/ archaeological adj  /ˌɑ:kiəˈlɒʤɪkl/ archaeologists n pl  /ˌɑ:kiˈɒləʤɪsts/ archer n  /ˈɑ:ʧə(r)/ armour n  /ˈɑ:mə(r)/ army n  /ˈɑ:mi/ arrange v  /əˈreɪnʤ/ artwork n  /ˈɑ:twɜ:k/ ash n  /æʃ/ aside adj  /əˈsaɪd/ assemble v  /əˈsembl/ attentively adv  /əˈtentɪvli/ bake v  /beɪk/ become v  /bɪˈkʌm/ brief adj  /ˈbri:f/ burial place n  /ˈberiəl ˌpleɪs/ bury v  /ˈberi/ cautiously adv  /ˈkɔ:ʃəsli/ clause n  /klɔ:z/ clay n  /kleɪ/ clearly adv  /ˈklɪərli/ collapse v  /kəˈlæps/ completely adv  /kəmˈpli:tli/ complicated adj  /ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/ conquer v  /ˈkɒŋkə(r)/ conserve v  /kənˈsɜ:v/ construct v  /kənˈstrʌkt/ correctly adv  /kəˈrektli/ covered by v  /ˈkʌvəd ˌbaɪ/ craftsmen n  /ˈkrɑ:ftsmən/ death n  /deθ/ deserve v  /dɪˈzɜ:v/ display n, v  /dɪsˈpleɪ/ drawings n pl  /ˈdrɔ:ɪŋz/ educate v  /ˈeʤukeɪt/ emperor n  /ˈempərə(r)/ endeavour n  /ɪnˈdevə(r)/ enemies n  /ˈenəmiz/ entrance fee n  /ˈentrəns ˌfi:/ equipped adj  /ɪˈkwɪpt/ eventually adv  /ɪˈventʃuəli/ excavations n pl  /ˌekskəˈveɪʃnz/ exhibit v  /ɪgˈzɪbɪt/ exhibition n  /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ expand v  /ɪkˈspænd/ explanations n pl  /ˌekspləˈneɪʃnz/ expose to v  /ɪkˈspəʊz tə/ extensive adj  /ɪkˈstensɪv/ extensively adv  /ɪkˈstensɪvli/ facial adj  /ˈfeɪʃl/ fairly adv  /ˈfeəli/ figures n pl  /ˈfɪgəz/ fire n  /faɪə(r)/ formation n  /fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn/ fragment n  /ˈfrægmənt/ funding n  /ˈfʌndɪŋ/ helicopter n  /ˈhelɪkɒptə(r)/ heritage n  /ˈherɪtɪʤ/ high up prep  /ˌhaɪ ˈʌp/ highlighted adj  /ˈhaɪlaɪtɪd/ highpoint n  /ˈhaɪpɔɪnt/ historian n  /hɪˈstɔ:riən/ honour n  /ˈɒnə(r)/ illustrated adj  /ˈɪləstreɪtɪd/ imperial adj  /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/ impressive adj  /ɪmˈpresɪv/ in addition  /ˌɪn əˈdɪʃn/ inaccessible adj  /ˌɪnækˈsesəbl/ inappropriate adj  /ˌɪnəˈprəʊpriət/ Inca n  /ˈɪŋkə/ indicate v  /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ infinitive (grammar) n  /ɪnˈfɪnətɪv/ inscription n  /ɪnˈskrɪpʃn/ invade v  /ɪnˈveɪd/ irrelevant adj  /ɪˈreləvənt/ ivory n  /ˈaɪvəri/ knowledge n  /nɒˈlɪʤ/ laboratories n pl  /ləˈbɒrətriz/ last v  /lɑ:st/ life-like adj  /ˈlaɪflaɪk/ life-sized adj  /ˈlaɪfsaɪzd/ linked adj  /ˈlɪŋkt/ logical adj  /ˈlɒʤɪkl/ lucky adj  /ˈlʌki/ magnificent adj  /mægˈnɪfɪsənt/ major adj  /ˈmeɪʤə(r)/ manuscript n  /ˈmænjuskrɪpt/ methodically adv  /məˈθɒdɪkli/ military n  /ˈmɪlətri/ monument n  /ˈmɒnjumənt/ mosaic n  /məʊˈzeɪɪk/ museum n  /mju:ˈzi:əm/ nearby prep  /ˌnɪəˈbaɪ/ north n  /nɔ:θ/ objects n pl  /ˈɒbʤekts/ occupy v  /ˈɒkjupaɪ/ optimistic adj  /ˈɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ order n  /ˈɔ:də(r)/ outstanding adj  /aʊtˈstændɪŋ/ palace n  /ˈpæləs/ peel off v  /ˌpi:l ˈɒf/ period (of time) n  /ˈpɪəriəd/ pilot n  /ˈpaɪlət/ position n  /pəˈzɪʃn/ precision n  /prɪˈsɪʒn/ preserved adj  /prɪˈzɜ:vd/ president n  /ˈprezɪdənt/ primary adj  /ˈpraɪməri/ production line n  /prəˈdʌkʃn rulers n pl  /ˈru:ləz/ scan v  /skæn/ scientific adj  /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/ settlement n  /ˈsetlmənt/ several adv  /ˈsevrəl/ sharply adv  /ˈʃɑ:pli/ sink v  /sɪŋk/ soldiers n pl  /ˈsəʊlʤəz/ solution n  /səˈlu:ʃn/ south n  /saʊθ/ speculate v  /ˈspekjuleɪt/ statues n pl  /ˈstæʧu:z/ steadily adv  /ˈstedɪli/ storage n  /ˈstɔ:rɪʤ/ surround v  /səˈraʊnd/ temples n pl  /ˈtemplz/ terracotta n, adj  /ˌterəˈkɒtə/ thriving adj  /ˈθraɪvɪŋ/ tomb n  /tu:m/ undamaged adj  /ˌʌnˈdæmɪʤd/ uniforms n pl  /ˈju:nɪfɔ:mz/ united adj  /juˈnaɪtɪd/ various adj  /ˈveəriəs/ violent adj  /ˈvaɪələnt/ volcanic adj  /vɒlˈkænɪk/ wealthy adj  /ˈwelθi/ website n  /ˈwebsaɪt/ workers n pl  /ˈwɜ:kəz/ ˌlaɪn/ protect v  /prəˈtekt/ province n  /ˈprɒvɪns/ rank n  /ræŋk/ rebuilt v  /ˌri:ˈbɪlt/ recall v  /rɪˈkɔ:l/ reconstruct v  /ˌri:kənˈstrʌkt/ rediscover v  /ˌri:dɪsˈkʌvə(r)/ regional adj  /ˈri:ʤənl/ relate to v  /rɪˈleɪt tə/ remarkably adj  /rɪˈmɑ:kəbli/ repair v  /rɪˈpeə(r)/ resignation n  /ˌrezɪgˈneɪʃn/ revenue n  /ˈrevənju:/ ruin n  /ˈru:ɪn/ Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 89 89 15/05/2011 16:56 Unit a series of n  /ə ˈsɪəri:z əv/ accommodation n  /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ acknowledge v  /əkˈnɒlɪʤ/ addition n  /əˈdɪʃn/ amazing adj  /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ amount n  /əˈmaʊnt/ appear v  /əˈpɪə(r)/ architect n  /ˈɑ:kɪtekt/ architectural adj  /ˌɑ:kɪˈtekʧərəl/ area n  /ˈeərɪə/ artificial adj  /ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃl/ astonishing adj  /əˈstɒnɪʃɪŋ/ author n  /ˈɔ:θə(r)/ base n  /beɪs/ bibliography n  /ˌbɪbliˈɒgrəfi/ blood n  /blʌd/ break (a record) v  /breɪk/ breakwater n  /ˈbreɪkwɔ:tə(r)/ bridge n  /brɪʤ/ ceremony n  /ˈserəməni/ challenging adj  /ˈʧælɪnʤɪŋ/ classical adj  /ˈklæsɪkl/ coastline n  /ˈkəʊstlaɪn/ combine with v  /ˈkəmbaɪn ˌwɪð/ common n  /ˈkɒmən/ congestion n  /kənˈʤesʧn/ consideration n  /kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn/ consist of v  /kənˈsɪst əv/ construct v  /kənˈstrʌkt/ constructions n pl  /kənˈstrʌkʃnz/ continents n pl  /ˈkɒntɪnənts/ continuing adj  /kənˈtɪnjuɪŋ/ controversial adj  /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜ:ʃl/ conventions n pl  /kənˈvenʃnz/ crash-land v  /ˈkræʃ lænd/ credit v  /ˈkredɪt/ crew n  /kru:/ cubic adj  /ˈkju:bɪk/ culture n  /ˈkʌlʧə(r)/ dam n  /dæm/ debris n  /ˈdebri:/ decade n  /ˈdekeɪd/ desert n  /ˈdezət/ design n  /dɪˈzaɪn/ dominate v  /ˈdɒmɪneɪt/ during adv  /ˈʤʊərɪŋ/ efficient adj  /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ employ v  /ɪmˈplɔɪ/ energy n  /ˈenəʤi/ engineering n  /ˌenʤɪˈnɪərɪŋ/ engineers n pl  /ˌenʤɪˈnɪəz/ entertainment n  /ˌentəˈteɪnmənt/ environmental adj  /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl/ equivalent n  /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ estates n pl  /ɪˈsteɪts/ estimate v  /ˈestɪmeɪt/ existing adj  /ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ/ expansion n  /ɪkˈspænʃn/ extend v  /ɪkˈstend/ extreme adj  /ɪkˈstri:m/ facilities n pl  /fəˈsɪlətiz/ fireworks n pl  /ˈfaɪəwɜ:ks/ flow v  /fləʊ/ forecasters n pl  /ˈfɔ:kɑ:stəz/ function v  /ˈfʌŋkʃn/ giant adj  /ˈʤaɪənt/ gravitational adj  /ˌgrævɪˈteɪʃənl/ ground control n  /ˈgraʊnd kənˌtrəʊl/ height n  /haɪt/ high-rise n  /ˈhaɪraɪz/ high-speed adj  /ˌhaɪ ˈspi:d/ horizontally adv  /ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntəli/ hydroelectric adj  /ˌhaɪdrəʊɪˈlektrɪk/ impressive adj  /ɪmˈpresɪv/ inaugurate v  /ɪnˈɔ:gjəreɪt/ incorporate v  /ɪnˈkɔ:pəreɪt/ increase n  /ˈɪnkri:s/ influence n  /ˈɪnfluəns/ initially adv  /ɪˈnɪʃəli/ initials n pl  /ɪˈnɪʃlz/ innovative adj  /ˈɪnəvətɪv/ instantly adv  /ˈɪnstəntli/ Islamic adj  /ɪzˈlæmɪk/ islands n pl  /ˈaɪləndz/ issues n pl  /ˈɪʃu:z/ joint adj  /ʤɔɪnt/ land n  /lænd/ launch v  /lɔ:nʧ/ leisure n  /ˈleʒə(r)/ length n  /ˈleŋθ/ lifts n pl  /lɪfts/ limitless adj  /ˈlɪmɪtləs/ line (train) n  /laɪn/ linked by adj  /ˈlɪŋkt baɪ/ luxury n  /ˈlʌkʃəri/ make sense v  /ˌmeɪk ˈsens/ make up v  /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ man-made adj  /ˌmænˈmeɪd/ marinas n pl  /məˈri:nəz/ meteorlogical adj  / ˌmi:tiərəˈlɒʤɪkl/ mission n  /ˈmɪʃn/ necessary v  /ˈnesəsəri/ noticeable adj  /ˈnəʊtɪsəbl/ observations n pl  /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃnz/ obtain v  /əbˈteɪn/ on sale adj  /ˌɒn ˈseɪl/ orbit v  /ˈɔ:bɪt/ overcrowding n  /ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪŋ/ pass v  /pɑ:s/ performance n  /pəˈfɔ:məns/ phenomena n  /fəˈnɒmɪnə/ predict v  /prɪˈdɪkt/ privately-owned adj  /ˈpraɪvətli retrieval n  /rɪˈtri:vl/ retrieve v  /rɪˈtri:v/ roof n  /ru:f/ safety n  /ˈseɪfti/ safety measures n  /ˈseɪfti ˌmeʒəz/ sample n  /ˈsɑ:mpl/ sand n  /sænd/ seismic adj  /ˈsaɪzmɪk/ severe adj  /sɪˈvɪə(r)/ shape n  /ʃeɪp/ size n  /saɪz/ skyline n  /ˈskaɪlaɪn/ skyscrapers n pl  /ˈskaɪskreɪpəz/ sleepiness n  /ˈsli:pinəs/ slender adj  /ˈslendə(r)/ solar adj  /ˈsəʊlə(r)/ solar system n  /ˈsəʊlə(r) ˌsɪstəm/ sophisticated adj  /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ space n  /speɪs/ spectacular adj  /spekˈtækjələ(r)/ stilts n pl  /stɪltz/ structural adj  /ˈstrʌkʧərəl/ structures n pl  /ˈstrʌkʧəz/ studios n pl  /ˈstju:diəʊz/ successfully adv  /sʌkˈsesfəli/ suffixes n pl  /ˈsʌfɪksɪz/ sustain v  /səˈsteɪn/ symbolize v  /ˈsɪmbəlaɪz/ televise v  /ˈteləvaɪz/ theorize v  /ˈθɪəraɪz/ ton n  /tʌn/ tourist attraction n  /ˈtʊərɪst əˌtrækʃn/ tunnel n  /ˈtʌnl/ undoubtedly adv  /ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli/ unnecessarily adv  /ˌʌnˈnesəsərəli/ unquestionably adv  /ˌʌnˈkwesʧənəbli/ vehicles n pl  /ˈvi:əklz/ vertically adv  /ˈvɜ:tɪkli/ volume (book) n  /ˈvɒlju:m/ wheel n  /wi:l/ withstand v  /wɪðˈstænd/ wonders n pl  /ˈwʌndəz/ ˌəʊnd/ project n  /ˈprɒʤekt/ pronouns n pl  /ˈprəʊnaʊnz/ publisher n  /ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)/ pull back v  /ˌpʊl ˈbæk/ rail n  /reɪl/ railway n  /ˈreɪlweɪ/ reach v  /ˈri:ʧ/ reclaim v  /rɪˈkleɪm/ recognizable adj  /ˈrekəgnaɪzɪəbl/ referencing n  /ˈrefrənsɪŋ/ reflect v  /rɪˈflekt/ rehearsal n  /rɪˈhɜ:sl/ remarkable adj  /rɪˈmɑ:kəbl/ repetition n  /ˌrepəɪˈtɪʃn/ residential adj  /ˌrezɪˈdenʃl/ resorts n pl  /rɪˈzɔ:ts/ 90 Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 90 15/05/2011 16:56 Unit act of n  /ˈækt əv/ address v  /əˈdres/ adequate adj  /ˈædɪkwət/ adopt v  /əˈdɒpt/ advertise v  /ˈædvətaɪz/ advertising n  /ˈædvətaɪzɪŋ/ afterwards prep  /ˈɑ:ftəwədz/ allow v  /əˈlaʊ/ already adv  /ɔ:lˈredi/ although adv  /ɔ:lˈðəʊ/ announce v  /əˈnaʊns/ antonym n  /ˈæntənɪm/ arrangements n pl  /əˈreɪnʤmənts/ athletes n pl  /ˈæθli:ts/ attract v  /əˈtrækt/ audiences n pl  /ˈɔ:diənsɪz/ avoid v  /əˈvɔɪd/ award v  /əˈwɔ:d/ aware of v  /əˈweə(r) əv/ bid n  /bɪd/ blunt adj  /blʌnt/ brackets n pl  /ˈbrækɪts/ broadcast v  /ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:st/ broadcasting rights n pl  /ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:stɪŋ ˌraɪts/ budget n  /ˈbʌʤɪt/ burden n  /ˈbɜ:dən/ busy adj  /ˈbɪzi/ cafeteria n  /ˌkæfəˈtɪəriə/ camp v  /kæmp/ capital adj  /ˈkæpɪtl/ catering n  /ˈkeɪtərɪŋ/ charity n  /ˈʧærəti/ citizen n  /ˈsɪtɪzn/ claim v  /kleɪm/ clearly adv  /ˈklɪəli/ committee n  /ˈkəmɪti/ compete v  /kəmˈpi:t/ competition n  /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ considerable adj  /kənˈsɪdrəbl/ context n  /ˈkɒntekst/ conversation n  /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/ cover v  /ˈkʌvə(r)/ create v  /kri:ˈeɪt/ danger n  /ˈdeɪnʤə(r)/ decision n  /dɪˈsɪʒn/ department n  /dɪˈpɑ:tmənt/ despite adv  /dɪˈspaɪt/ destinations n pl  /ˌdestɪˈneɪʃnz/ diagram n  /ˈdaɪəgræm/ disagreement n  /ˌdɪsəˈgri:mənt/ disruption n  /dɪsˈrʌpʃn/ distribution n  /ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃn/ draw n  /drɔ:/ earn v  /ɜ:n/ employment n  /ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ enable v  /ɪˈneɪbl/ enormous adj  /ɪˈnɔ:məs/ enter v  /ˈentə(r)/ even adj  /ˈi:vn/ event n  /ɪˈvent/ everyday adj  /ˈevrideɪ/ exact adj  /ɪgˈzækt/ exist v  /ɪgˈzɪst/ fall on v  /ˈfɔ:l ɒn/ fiercely adv  /ˈfɪəsli/ finance n  /ˈfaɪnæns/ financial adj  /faɪˈnænʃl/ fundamental adj  /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/ funding n  /ˈfʌndɪŋ/ funds n pl  /fʌndz/ gain v  /geɪn/ give rise to v  /ˌgɪv ˈraɪz tə/ global adj  /ˈgləʊbl/ governing body n  /ˌgʌvənɪŋ ˈbɒdi/ ground n  /graʊnd/ historical adj  /hɪˈstɒrɪkl/ hospitality n  /ˌhɒspɪˈtæləti/ host v  /həʊst/ huge adj  /hju:ʤ/ improvements n pl  /ɪmˈpru:vmənts/ in spite of  /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ in terms of  /ɪn ˈtɜ:mz əv/ increase v  /ɪnˈkri:s/ inevitable adj  /ɪnˈevɪtəbl/ inferior adj  /ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)/ inflation n  /ɪnˈfleɪʃn/ infrastructure n  /ˈɪnfrəstrʌkʧə(r)/ invest v  /ɪnˈvest/ invite v  /ɪnˈvaɪt/ involved adj  /ɪnˈvɒlvd/ knife n  /naɪf/ large adj  /lɑ:ʤ/ last v  /lɑ:st/ later adv  /ˈleɪtə(r)/ long lasting adj  /ˌlɒŋ ˈlɑ:stɪŋ/ look out for v  /lʊk ˈaʊt fə/ lucrative adj  /ˈlu:krətɪv/ manpower n  /ˈmænpaʊə(r)/ map n  /mæp/ marketing n  /ˈmɑ:kɪtɪŋ/ match n  /mæʧ/ mention v  /ˈmenʃn/ middle adj  /ˈmɪdl/ multinational adj  /ˌmʌltiˈnæʃnəl/ needs n pl  /ni:dz/ networks n pl  /ˈnetwɜ:ks/ nevertheless adv  /ˌnevəðəˈles/ normal adj  /ˈnɔ:ml/ note-taking n  /ˈnəʊt ˌteɪkɪŋ/ occasion n  /əˈkeɪʒn/ odd adj  /ɒd/ operate v  /ˈɒpəreɪt/ origins n pl  /ˈɒrɪʤɪnz/ outweigh v  /aʊtˈweɪ/ overheads n pl  /ˈəʊvəhedz/ patient n  /ˈpeɪʃnt/ per cent n  /pəˈsent/ permanent adj  /ˈpɜ:mənənt/ permission n  /pəˈmɪʃn/ personalities n pl  /ˌpɜ:səˈnælətiz/ pitch n  /pɪʧ/ possibility n  /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/ promotion n  /prəˈməʊʃn/ proportion n  /prəˈpɔ:ʃn/ publication n  /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn/ quote v  /kwəʊt/ raise v  /reɪz/ real adj  /ri:əl/ redundancy n  /rɪˈdʌndənsi/ rent v  /rent/ requirements n pl  /rɪˈkwaɪəmənts/ resign v  /rɪˈzaɪn/ respect n  /rɪˈspekt/ reuse v  /ˌri:ˈju:z/ revenues n pl  /ˈrevənju:z/ rights n pl  /raɪts/ rings n pl  /rɪŋz/ security n  /sɪˈkjʊərəti/ slot n  /slɒt/ sociology n  /ˌsəʊsiˈɒləʤi/ sponsor v  /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ sponsors n pl  /ˈspɒnsəz/ sponsorship n  /ˈspɒnsəʃɪp/ stadium n  /ˈsteɪdiəm/ state v  /steɪt/ statement n  /ˈsteɪtmənt/ sufficient adj  /səˈfɪʃnt/ sum (of money) n  /sʌm/ support v  /səˈpɔ:t/ symbol n  /ˈsɪmbl/ take into consideration  /ˌteɪk ɪntə kənsɪdəˈreɪʃn/ take place v  /ˌteɪk ˈpleɪs/ taxes n pl  /ˈtæksɪz/ televise v  /ˈteləvaɪz/ ticket n  /ˈtɪkɪt/ transmit v  /trænsˈmɪt/ underpaid adj  /ˌʌndəˈpeɪd/ unexpected adj  /ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd/ unskilled adj  /ˌʌnˈskɪld/ upgrade v  /ˌʌpˈgreɪd/ upgrade n  /ˈʌpgreɪd/ vaccination n  /ˌvæksɪˈneɪʃn/ valuable adj  /ˈvæljuəbl/ view v  /vju:/ vigilance n  /ˈvɪʤɪləns/ visitors n pl  /ˈvɪzɪtəz/ voluntary adj  /ˈvɒləntri/ walk off v  /ˌwɔ:k ˈɒf/ weak adj  /wi:k/ welcome v, n  /ˈwelkəm/ wide-reaching adj  /ˌwaɪd ˈri:ʧɪŋ/ win v  /wɪn/ world-class adj  /ˌwɜ:ldˈklɑ:s/ Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 91 91 15/05/2011 16:56 Unit a tenth n  /ə ˈtenθ/ academic year n  /ˌækədemɪk ˈjɪə(r)/ actually adv  /ˈækʧuəli/ age n  /eɪʤ/ agriculture n  /ˈægrɪkʌlʧə(r)/ approximately adv  / əˈprɒksɪmətli/ around prep  /əˈraʊnd/ automation n  /ˌɔ:təˈmeɪʃn/ bacteria n  /bækˈtɪəriə/ bar chart n  /ˈbɑ: ʧɑ:t/ between prep  /bɪˈtwi:n/ bilateral adj  /ˌbaɪˈlætərəl/ biochemistry n  /ˌbaɪəʊˈkemɪstri/ candidate n  /ˈkændɪdət/ clarify v  /ˈklærɪfaɪ/ comparisons n pl  /kəmˈpærɪsnz/ composite n  /ˈkɒmpəzɪt/ considerably adv  /kənˈsɪdrəbli/ constantly adv  /ˈkɒnstəntli/ consultancy n  /kənˈsʌltənsi/ contain v  /kənˈteɪn/ critics n  /ˈkrɪtɪks/ data n  /ˈdeɪtə/ decline v  /dɪˈklaɪn/ decrease v  /dɪˈkri:s/ decrease n  /ˈdi:kri:s/ dentistry n  /ˈdentɪstri/ describe v  /dɪˈskraɪb/ description n  /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/ disorganized adj  /dɪsˈɔ:gənaɪzd/ distribution n  /ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃn/ dramatic adj  /drəˈmætɪk/ dramatically adv  /drəˈmætɪkli/ drop by v  /ˌdrɒp ˈbaɪ/ economists n pl  /ɪˈkɒnəmɪsts/ employees n pl  /ɪmˈplɔɪi:z/ enable v  /ɪˈneɪbl/ enrol v  /ɪnˈrəʊl/ enrolments n pl  /ɪnˈrəʊlmənts/ equivalent n  /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ estimate v  /ˈestɪmeɪt explore v  /ɪkˈsplɔ:(r)/ faculties n pl  /ˈfækəltiz/ fall v  /fɔ:l/ female n  /ˈfi:meɪl/ figures n pl  /ˈfɪgəz/ fluctuate v  /ˈflʌktjueɪt/ fungi n  /ˈfʌŋgi:/ future n  /ˈfju:ʧə(r)/ globally adv  /ˈgləʊbəli/ go down v  /ˌgəʊ ˈdaʊn/ go up v  /ˌgəʊ ˈʌp/ graduate n  /ˈgræʤuət/ gram n  /græm/ graphics n pl  /ˈgræfɪks/ grow v  /grəʊ/ hand in v  /ˌhænd ˈɪn/ happen v  /ˈhæpn/ higher education n  /ˌhaɪə(r) edjuˈkeɪʃn/ illegible adj  /ɪˈleʤəbl/ illustrate v  /ˈɪləstreɪt/ impact n  /ˈɪmpækt/ imperfect adj  /ɪmˈpɜ:fɪkt/ in fact  /ɪn ˈfækt/ increase v  /ɪnˈkri:s/ increase n  /ˈɪnkri:s/ industrialization n  /ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ industry n  /ˈɪndəstri/ instrument n  /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ insurance n  /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ interpret v  /ɪnˈtɜ:prɪt/ intranet n  /ˈɪntrənet/ Iθ (information technology) n  / aɪ ti  /ɪnfəˌmeɪʃn tekˈnɒləʤi/  just over  /ˌʤʌst ˈəʊvə(r)/ kilometres n pl  /kɪˈlɒmɪtəz/ lead up to v  /ˌli:d ˈʌp tə/ legal adj  /ˈli:gl/ level out v  /ˌlevl ˈaʊt/ line graph n  /ˈlaɪn ˌgrɑ:f/ living adj  /ˈlɪvɪŋ/ main adj  /meɪn/ male n  /meɪl/ marginal adj  /ˈmɑ:ʤɪnl/ marginally adv  /ˈmɑ:gɪnəli/ means of n  /ˈmi:nz əv/ media n  /ˈmi:diə/ million n  /ˈmɪljən/ modify v  /ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/ monorail n  /ˈmɒnəʊreɪl/ multilingual adj  /ˌmʌltiˈlɪŋgwəl/ nanosecond n  /ˈnænəʊsekənd/ nearly adv  /ˈnɪərli/ notice v  /ˈnəʊtɪs/ noticeable adj  /ˈnəʊtɪsəbl/ noticeably adv  /ˈnəʊtɪsəbli/ numerical adj  /nju:ˈmerɪkl/ office n  /ˈɒfɪs/ particularly adv  /pəˈtɪkjələli/ patterns n pl  /ˈpætənz/ per cent n  /pə ˈsent/ percentage n  /pəˈsentɪʤ/ photosynthesis n  show v  /ʃəʊ/ similarly adv  /ˈsɪmɪləli/ slight adj  /slaɪt/ slightly adv  /ˈslaɪtli/ soar v  /sɔ:(r)/ social work n  /ˈsəʊʃl ˌwɜ:k/ stabilize v  /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/ statistical adj  /stəˈtɪstɪkl/ statistics n pl  /stəˈtɪstɪks/ steadily adv  /ˈstedɪli/ steady adj  /ˈstedi/ subject n  /ˈsʌbʤekt/ submarine n  /ˌsʌbməˈri:n/ sub-sector n  /ˈsʌbˌsektə(r)/ substantial adj  /səbˈstænʃl/ subtitles n  /ˈsʌbtaɪtlz/ such as  /ˈsʌʧ əz/ tendencies n pl  /ˈtendənsiz/ textile n  /ˈtekstaɪl/ the same pron  /ðə ˈseɪm/ trade n, v  /treɪd/ transform v  /trænsˈfɔ:m/ trends n pl  /trendz/ twice as many  /ˌtwaɪs əz ˈmeni/ undergraduates n pl  / ˌʌndəˈgræʤuəts/ upward prep  /ˈʌpwəd/ values n pl  /ˌvælju:z/ varied adj  /ˈveərid/ wages n pl  /ˈweɪʤɪz/ whole n  /həʊl/ workforce n  /ˈwɜkfɔ:s/ /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ pie chart n  /ˈpaɪ ʧɑ:t/ plants n pl  /plɑ:nts/ plummet v  /ˈplʌmɪt/ plunge v  /plʌnʤ/ postgraduate n  /ˌpəʊst ˈgræʤuət/ predict v  /prɪˈdɪkt/ prefixes n pl  /ˈpri:fɪksɪz/ prepositions n pl  /ˌprepəˈzɪʃnz/ preview v  /ˈpri:vju:/ process n  /ˈprəʊses/ public services n pl  /ˌpʌblɪk ˈsɜ:vɪsɪz/ quarters n pl  /ˈkwɔ:təz/ radically adv  /ˈrædɪkli/ reach a peak v  /ˌri:ʧ ə ˈpi:k/ recession n  /rɪˈseʃn/ reduce v  /rɪˈdju:s/ reflect v  /rɪˈflekt/ remember v  /rɪˈmembə(r)/ represent v  /ˌreprɪˈzent/ reread v  /ˌri:ˈri:d/ rise v  /raɪz/ rocket v  /ˈrɒkɪt/ sectors n pl  /ˈsektəz/ services n pl  /ˈsɜ:vɪsɪz/ service-sector n  /ˈsɜ:vɪs ˌsektə(r)/ 92 Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 92 15/05/2011 16:56 Unit 10 abbreviations n pl  /əˌbri:viˈeɪʃnz/ accents n pl  /ˈæksents/ access n  /ˈækses/ accommodate v  /əˈkɒmədeɪt/ ad hoc adj  /ˌæd ˈhɒk/ adapter n  /əˈdæptə(r)/ advisable adj  /ədˈvaɪzəbl/ amplifiers n pl  /ˈæmplɪfaɪəz/ antenna n  /ænˈtenə/ attach v  /əˈtæʧ/ battery n  /ˈbætri/ bell n  /bel/ birth n  /bɜ:θ/ booth n  /bu:ð/ bring back v  /ˌbrɪŋ ˈbæk/ broad adj  /brɔ:d/ card n  /kɑ:d/ carrier pigeon n  /ˈkæriə pɪʤɪn/ centre n  /ˈsentə(r)/ certain adv  /ˈsɜ:tn/ certificate n  /səˈtɪfɪkət/ circuit n  /ˈsɜ:kɪt/ clarify v  /ˈklærɪfaɪ/ code n  /kəʊd/ collect v  /kəˈlekt/ communication n  /kəˌmju:nɪˈkeɪʃn/ comparison n  /kəmˈpærɪsn/ complete v  /kəmˈpli:t/ conclude v  /kənˈklu:d/ connect v  /kəˈnekt/ consecutive adj  /kənˈsekjətɪv/ consider v  /kənˈsɪdə(r)/ continents n pl  /ˈkɒntɪnənts/ deal with v  /ˈdi:l wɪð/ decode v  /ˌdi:ˈkəʊd/ decrease v  /dɪˈkri:s/ degree n  /dɪˈgri:/ devices n pl  /dɪˈvaɪsɪz/ dialects n pl  /ˈdaɪəlekts/ digital adj  /ˈdɪʤɪtl/ digitalized adj  /ˈdɪʤɪtəlaɪzd/ director n  /daɪˈrektə(r)/ doubt n  /daʊt/ ease n  /i:z/ entertainment n  /ˌentəˈtaɪnmənt/ equally adv  /ˈi:kwəli/ era n  /ˈɪərə/ eruption n  /ɪˈrʌpʃn/ estimates n pl  /ˈestɪməts/ everywhere adv  /ˈevriweə(r)/ express v  /ɪkˈspres/ fit v  /fɪt/ flag n  /flæg/ fluent adj  /ˈflu:ənt/ force v  /fɔ:s/ foreign adj  /ˈfɒrən/ formal adj  /ˈfɔ:ml/ gather v  /ˈgæðə(r)/ generation n  /ˌʤenəˈreɪʃn/ get in touch with  /ˌget ɪn ˈtʌʧ wɪð/ go down v  /ˌgəʊ ˈdaʊn/ guesses n pl  /ˈgesɪz/ hall n  /hɔ:l/ homes n pl  /həʊmz/ hotspots n pl  /ˈhɒtspɒts/ idea n  /aɪˈdɪə/ illness n  /ɪlˈnəs/ images n pl  /ˈɪmɪʤɪz/ in addition to  /ɪn əˈdɪʃn tə/ informal adj  /ɪnˈfɔ:ml/ institutions n pl  /ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃnz/ interpret v  /ɪnˈtɜ:prɪt/ interpreter n  /ɪnˈtɜ:prɪtə(r)/ invention n  /ɪnˈvenʃn/ inventors n pl  /ɪnˈventəz/ keep up to date with  /ˌki:p ʌp tə ˈdeɪt wɪð/ launch v  /lɔ:nʧ/ legal adj  /ˈli:gl/ library n  /ˈlaɪbrəri/ literally adv  /ˈlɪtərəli/ local adj  /ˈləʊkl/ long-distance adj  /ˌlɒŋˈdɪstəns/ look like v  /ˈlʊk ˌlaɪk/ mastery n  /ˈma:stəri/ meeting n  /ˈmi:tɪŋ/ membership n  /ˈmembəʃɪp/ microphone n  /ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn/ minimum adj  /ˈmɪnɪməm/ mirrors n pl  /ˈmɪrəz/ miss v  /mɪs/ mother tongue n  /ˈmʌðə ˌtʌŋ/ move v  /mu:v/ multi-functions n pl  /ˌmʌltiˈfʌŋkʃnz/ multiple adj  /ˈmʌltɪpl/ oral adj  /ˈɔ:rəl/ payment n  /ˈpəɪmənt/ pocket-sized adj  /ˈpɒkɪətsaɪzd/ portable adj  /ˈpɔ:təbl/ positioning n  /pəˈzɪʃənɪŋ/ postpone v  /pəʊstˈpəʊn/ practices n pl  /ˈpræktɪsɪz/ preferable adj  /ˈprefrəbl/ presentations n pl  /ˌpreznˈteɪʃnz/ presenter n  /prɪˈzentə(r)/ press v  /pres/ probable adj  /ˈprɒbəbl/ project v  /prəˈʤekt/ protocols n pl  /ˈprəʊtəkɒlz/ provider n  /prəˈvaɪdə(r)/ put (sth) off v  /ˌpʊt ˈɒf/ radio n  /ˈreɪdiəʊ/ radio waves n pl  /ˈreɪdiəʊ weɪvz/ rapid adj  /ˈræpɪd/ recap v  /ˈri:kæp/ recover v  /rɪˈkʌvə(r)/ region n  /ˈri:ʤən/ represent v  /ˌreprɪˈzent/ requirements n pl  signal n  /ˈsɪgnəl/ signalling n  /ˈsɪgnəlɪŋ/ signed adj  /saɪnd/ simultaneous adj  /ˌsɪmlˈteɪniəs/ sink v  /sɪŋk/ situation n  /ˌsɪtʃu:ˈeɪʃn/ smart adj  /smɑ:t/ speaker n  /ˈspi:kə(r)/ speech n  /ˈspi:ʧ/ stand for v  /ˈstænd fə/ stocks and shares n  /ˌstɒks n ˈʃeəz/ take ages  /ˌteɪk ˈeɪʤɪz/ talk n  /tɔ:k/ telecommunication n  /ˌtelɪkəˌmju:nɪˈkeɪʃn/ telegraph n  /ˈtelɪgrɑ:f/ text v  /tekst/ theory n  /ˈθɪəri/ three-dimensional adj  /ˌθri:daɪˈmenʃənl/ time-consuming adj  /ˈtaɪmkənsju:mɪŋ/ tiny adj  /ˈtaɪni/ tongue n  /tʌŋ/ training n  /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ transactions n pl  /trænzˈækʃnz/ transatlantic adj  /ˌtrænzətˈlæntɪk/ translate v  /trænˈsleɪt/ translation n  /trænsˈleɪʃn/ transmit v  /trænsˈmɪt/ truly adv  /ˈtru:li/ tuners n pl  /ˈtju:nəz/ type n  /taɪp/ typewriters n pl  /ˈtaɪpraɪtəz/ undergo v  /ˌʌndəˈgəʊ/ via prep  /ˈvaɪə/ videoconferencing n  /ˈvɪdiəʊkɒnfərənsɪŋ/ whisper v  /ˈwɪspə(r)/ widespread adj  /ˈwaɪdspred/ wireless adj  /ˈwaɪələs/ with prep  /wɪð/ /rɪˈkwaɪəmənts/ resemble v  /rɪˈzembl/ residents n pl  /ˈrezɪdənts/ revolution n  /ˌrevəˈlu:ʃn/ role n  /rəʊl/ schedule n  /ˈʃedju:l/ screens n pl  /skri:nz/ seconds n  /ˈsekəndz/ semaphore n  /ˈseməfɔ:(r)/ send v  /send/ sign languages n pl  /ˈsaɪn ˌlæŋgwɪʤɪz/ Wordlist 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 93 93 15/05/2011 16:56 PHONETIC SYMBOLS Consonants  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /h/ /r/ /j/ /w/ /θ/ /ð/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /ŋ/ Vowels as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in pen /pen/ big /bɪg/ tea /ti:/ /du:/ cat /kæt/ go /gəʊ/ four /fɔ:/ very /ˈveri/ son /sʌn/ zoo /zu:/ live /lɪv/ my /maɪ/ near /nɪə/ happy /ˈhæpi/ red /red/ yes /jes/ want /wɒnt/ thanks /θæŋks/ the /ðə/ she /ʃi:/ television /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/ child /ʧaɪld/ German /ˈʤɜ:mən/ English /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/ 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 /i:/ /ɪ/ /i/ /e/ /æ/ /ɑ:/ /ɒ/ /ɔ:/ /ʊ/ /u:/ /ʌ/ /ɜ:/ /ə/ as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in see /si:/ his /hɪz/ twenty /ˈtwenti/ ten /ten/ stamp /stæmp/ father /ˈfɑ:ðə/ hot /hɒt/ morning /ˈmɔ:nɪŋ/ football /ˈfʊtbɔ:l/ you /ju:/ sun /sʌn/ learn /lɜ:n/ letter /ˈletə/ Diphthongs (two vowels together) 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 /eɪ/ /əʊ/ /aɪ/ /aʊ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in name /neɪm/ no /nəʊ/ my /maɪ/ how /haʊ/ boy /bɔɪ/ hear /hɪə/ where /weə/ tour /tʊə/ 94 Phonetic symbols 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 94 15/05/2011 16:56 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 95 15/05/2011 16:56 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries ©  Oxford University Press 2011 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First published in 2011 2015  2014  2013  2012  2011 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  No unauthorized photocopying All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the ELT Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work isbn: 978 19 474161 Printed in Spain This book is printed on paper from certified and well-managed sources acknowledgements We would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce the following photographs: Action Plus p.66 (Haile Gebrselassie/Glyn Kirk); Alamy Images pp.6 (school children/John Sturrock), 7 (Venezuelan classroom/Chad Ehlers), 11 (books/Chris Stock (photography)), 15 (pills/WoodyStock), 19 (broccoli/ foodfolio), 20 (Curitiba, Brazil/Marcelo Rudini), 28 (dripping tap/Arcaid), 35 (wind turbines/Cliff LeSergent), 38 (fairtrade peeled banana/Darren Matthews), 38 (fairtrade coffee/Helene Rogers), 40 (Peru coffee grower/Sue Cunningham Photographic), 40 (packaging/Adrian Sherratt), 43 (computer classroom/Les Gibbon), 43 (remote controls/Brian Elliott), 45 (terracotta army/LMR Group), 45 (terracotta soldier/Visual Arts Library (London)), 45 (Xi’an terracotta warriors/ Marco Secchi), 46 (repaired terracotta soldiers/SAS), 46 (terracotta warriors museum/Geoff A Howard), 49 (The Louvre/Art Kowalsky), 49 (Egyptian Museum, Cairo/BL Images Ltd), 51 (Sabratha, Libya/imagebroker), 52 (Millau hanging bridge, France/1Apix), 52 (Itaipu hydroelectric dam, Paraguay/Mike Goldwater), 53 (Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia/one-image photography), 58 (Sydney Opera House/Rob Walls), 59 (Skylab/Mike Spence/NASA), 60 (Barcelona 1992 Olympic poster/Ace Stock Limited), 67 (FIFA World Cup/Kolvenbach), 78 (antique telephone/Index Stock), 82 (presentation with sign language/Jeff Greenberg); Art Directors and Trip Photo Library p.22 (Islamabad Pakistan Government Buildings/Juliet Highet); Axiom Photographic Agency p.32 (forest/ Jax Murray); Corbis pp.4 (open book/Medioimages), 8 (school cafeteria/TWPhoto), 9 (Japanese school exam/TWPhoto), 19 (ophthalmologist/James Marshall), 23 (garbage truck/Michael S Yamashita), 24 (2006 International Consumer Electronics Show/Steve Marcus/Reuters), 26 (Mexico City/Danny Lehman), 27 (ruins of Harappa, Pakistan/Roger Wood), 37 (freight terminal/Jon Hicks), 54 (Palm Island, Dubai/Jorge Ferrari/epa), 62 (Travis Mayer skier/Chris Trotman/ Duomo), 82 (texting/Charles Gullung/zefa); Getty Images pp.5 (students/Phil Boorman/Taxi), 29 (raindrops/amana images), 57 (Shanghai/Mahaux Photography/ The Image Bank), 79 (speaker/Bruce Ayres/Stone); Oxford University Press pp.19 (carrots/Ingram), 19 (peas/Photodisc); Panos Pictures p.21 (tubular bus station/Paul Smith); PunchStock pp.13 (patient/image100), 17 (backache/ BananaStock), 33 (solar panels/Digital Vision), 51 (Machu Picchu/Digital Archive Japan); Reuters Pictures p.54 (The World, man-made islands, Dubai/Ho New); Rex Features pp.13 (harpist on ward), 61 (Olympic village/London 2012), 77 (IBM computer 1982/SB/TS/Keystone USA); Robert Harding Picture Library p.7 (Russian classroom/Sylvain Grandadam); Science and Society Picture Library p.78 (Vodafone transportable mobile phone, 1985/Science Museum); Still Pictures pp.7 (Ethiopian school/Sean Sprague), 7 (Mexican school/Mark Edwards), 50 (Peloponnes, Nemea excavation/Mike Schroeder/argus) Illustrations by: Mark Duffin pp.30, 69, 72 Although every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders before publication, this has not been possible in some cases We apologise for any apparent infringement of copyright and, if notified, the publisher will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest possible opportunity 4741613_HAS_RW&SS_SB3.indb 96 15/05/2011 16:56